Шатер эмира Бухары второй половины XIX века (История одного экспоната из собрания Государственного Эрмитажа)

Аннотация

The article is dedicated to study the attributes of the tent belongs to the 19th century used by Emir of Bukhara and nowdays is kept in the State Hermitage of St. Petersburg. Its museum piece is analyzed from a museum studies point of view in the article. Keywords and expressions: material-cultural heritage, museum-city, tent, fence, State Hermitage, traditional summer houses, pyramidal views. Аннотация. Мазкур мақолада Санкт-Петербург Давлат Эрмитажида сақлана- ётган Бухоро амирининг XIX асрга оид бўлган чодирининг атрибутлари ўрганилиб, музейшунослик нуқтаи назаридан ушбу экспонат таҳлил қилинди. Таянч сўз ва иборалар: моддий-маданий мерос, музей-шаҳар, чодир, панжара, Давлат Эрмитажи, “анъанавий ёз мавсумидаги уй”, “пирамидасимон кўриниш”. 1 Velidi Togan A. Z. The Topography of Balkh down to the middle of the seventeenth century // Central Asiatic Journal, vol. 13, 1969. – P. 283. 2 Togan N. Peygamberin zamanında Şarkı ve Garbi Türkistan’ı Ziyaret eden Çinli Budist rahibi Hüen-Çang’ın bu ülkelerin Siyasi ve Dini Hayatına ait kayıtleri // İslam Tetkikleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, IV/1–2. – Ankara, 1964. – S. 64. 3 Harmatta J., Litvinsky B.A. Tokharistan and Gandhara under Western Turk rule (650–750). Part 1. History of the regions // History of Civilizations of Central Asia, vol. 3. – Paris: UNESCO, 1996. – P. 371. 4 Камолиддин Ш. С. К вопросу о происхождении Саманидов // Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, 15 (2006/2007). – Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2008. – Р. 39–63. 5 Harmatta J., Litvinsky B.A. Tokharistan and Gandhara under Western Turk rule (650–750). Part 1. History of the regions // History of Civilizations of Central Asia, vol. 3. – Paris: UNESCO, 1996. – P. 371. 12 ORIENTAL STUDIES / SHARQSHUNOSLIK / ВОСТОКОВЕДЕНИЕ 2017, № 4 Аннотация. В данной статье выявлены атрибуты и особенности музеевед- ческой точки зрения шатра Бухарского эмира, относящегося к XIX веку и ныне хранящегося в Государственном Эрмитаже Санкт-Петербурга. Опорные слова и выражения: духовно-материальное наследие, город-музей,, ша- тёр, решетка, Эрмитаж, “традиционный летний дом”, “пирамидаобразный вид”. Bukhara, one of the ancient cities of the world, has been greatly contributing in the material-cultural heritage of the humanity for many centuries. It is no coincidence that it is called a museum-city. It is one of the centres of the international tourism, which contains more than 400 archaeological and architectural monuments including 11 architectural ensembles, 8 mausoleums, 47 mosques, 14 caravanserais, 39 madrasahs, 8 archaeological monumen- ts, 250 residential houses, 32 monumental art objects under the state protection. About a world-wide recognition of the cultural heritage of the city says a fact that the city, as well as the Pyramids of Egypt, historical centre of Rome, the Acropolis of Athens, the Kremlin of Moscow and Khiva, was included in the list of World Heritage objects in December 1993 by the Decree of the UNESCO, and in 1997 the 2500th anniversary of Bukhara was celebrated under the aegis of the UNESCO1. Unique artworks and productions, manuscripts of the scholars of Bukhara spread the world through the routes of the Great Silk Roads, on one of the main intersections of which the city is located. Today the antiques of Bukhara are adorning the expo- sitions of the largest museums of the world in the cities such as Rome, Paris, Washington, Stockholm, Berlin, Istanbul, St. Petersburg, Moscow and etc. State Hermitage is one of the greatest museums in the world. Universal and national significance made it one of the most valuable objects of the cultural heritage of Russia. Hermitage is one of the richest encyclopedic museums of the world. Its collection includes more than three million exhibits: over 16 thousand paintings, 12 thousand sculptures nearly 300 thousand works of applied arts, over a million coins, medals, orders, as well as a great number of arms and weapons, banners, books, scientific ins- truments and tools. It seems as if the whole history of the world culture, beginning from the lithic age until the modern history, revived on the walls of this museum. The monuments, related to the arts of the nations of Central Asia (fourth mil- lennium BC–20th century) and the Caucasus (10th BC–19th centuries), occupy significant place in the collection of the museum2. Tents were the traditional summer houses in Central Asia, prosperous town- speople used to set them in the yards of their houses. It is known that there was a block of hereditary craftsmen in pre-revolutionary Bukhara who sew garden tents – chodir. As the tents were used intensively, few of them remained to this day: One of them is being exhibited in Samarkand museum in Uzbekistan, another was purchased by V. Rikmerski in Bukhara at the end of the 19th century and now is at the Berlin museum of Ethnography. Side walls of the tents are kept at the funds of 1 Bukhara State architectural-art museum-conservation. – Tashkent, 2004. 2 “State Hermitage” guide-book.