Практика денежного пожертвования в Хивинском ханстве: источники и толкование

Аннотация

The article is devoted to the formation of the theoretical and legal basis of the cash waqf in Muslim society, the creation of a mechanism for the exploitation of this type of property and the history of this practice in the Khanate of Khiva. First, the study of this scientific problem in world historiography is briefly described by the example of other Muslim countries and published works on the history of the cash waqf in the Khanate of Khiva was also analyzed. It also discusses the views of representatives of various schools of Islamic law on the cash waqf and the arguments presented by them regarding this practice. In particular, despite the fact that the majority of theologians and representatives of Islamic jurisprudence considered the creation of a cash waqf unlawful, some recognized the legitimacy of this practice under certain conditions. As a result, based on the arguments about the permissibility of the monetary waqf, the Ottoman Empire issued a fatwa on the admissibility of the cash waqf and, on this basis, the decree of Sultan Suleiman (1520-1566). Later, on the basis of this legal framework and practice, the procedure for the creation and exploitation of cash waqfs was spread in other Muslim countries. In particular, from the second half of the 19th century, the creation of cash donations began to gain popularity in the Khanate of Khiva, and by the end of the century it became the main type of waqf property. 145 SHARQSHUNOSLIK / ВОСТОКОВЕДЕНИЕ / ORIENTAL STUDIES 2020, № 4 This study also analyzes the factors that led to the popularity of the cash fund in the Khanate of Khiva, as well as inner features of waqf document, i.e. waqfnāma. The documents on cash waqfs from Khorezm often stipulate that the property converted into waqf could be used mainly on a lease basis or on the basis of muḍaraba (partnership). However, as the analysis of historical documents shows it was very common to make profit from cash waqf under lease agreements. In order to determine the reasons for this, various aspects and procedures of these two practices were disclosed. It should be noted that special attention is paid to the internal structure of historical documents and their hermeneutic analysis, reflecting the procedure for exploitation of cash waqfs issued in the the Khanate of Khiva. Keywords and expressions: the Khanate of Khiva, cash waqf, lease, mudaraba (partnership profit), Ottoman Empire, waqf document. Хива хонлигида айрим мусулмон мамлакатларида бўлгани каби зироат ва боғдорчилик ерлари, савдо объектлари (дўконлар, ҳунармандчилик устахона- лари), турар-жой ва маиший иншоотлар (ҳаммом, сарой кабилар) қатори пуллар ҳам вақф сифатида таъсис этилгани ҳолда диний-маърифий ва ижти- моий муассасалар учун даромад келтирувчи молиявий манбалардан бири сифа- тида хизмат қилган. Ҳозирги кунга қадар пул вақфи ва ундан даромад олиш манбалари тарихи бошқа мусулмон жамиятлари мисолида тадқиқ этилган1. Шунингдек, Хива хонлигида пул вақфидан фойдаланиш тарихи нафақат маҳаллий2 , балки хорижий3 тадқиқотчилар эътиборини тортган мавзулардан бири ҳисобланади. 1 Jennings R.C. Loans and Credit in Early 17th Century Ottoman Judicial Records: The Sharia Court of Anatolian Kayseri. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 16, No. 2/3 (1973), pp. 168-216; Mandeville J. E. Usurious piety: the cash waqf controversy in the Ottoman empire. International Journal of Middle East Studies. August 10 (1979), pp. 289-308. Cizakca M. The relevance of the ottoman cash waqfs to modern Islamic economics. New Horizon. No. 20. London, 1993, pp. 7-9, 12-15; Cizakca M. Cash waqfs of Bursa, 1555-1823. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. Vol. 38, No. 3 (1995), pp. 313-354 … . 2 Shaĭkhova A. O formakh i roli rostovshchichestva v Хivinskom khanstve kon͡tsa XIX veka (Po dokumentam sobrani͡ia IV AN UzSSR) [On the form and role of usury in the Khanate of Khiva in the late 19th century (According to the documents of the collection of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of UzSSR)]. Obshchestvennye nauki v Uzbekistane – Social Sciences in Uzbekistan. 1984, no. 5, pp. 37-38. (In Russian); Zhalilov O. Khazinamizdagi Kheva vaqf huzhzhatlari [Waqf documents in our treasury]. Sharqshunoslik – Oriental Studies. 1993, no. 4, pp. 62-71. (In Uzbek); I͡Akubov Q.K. [Some information about the activity of waqf Administration in the Khanate of Khiva]. Ësh sharqshunoslarning akademik Ubaĭdulla Karimov nomidagi IX ilmiĭ-amaliĭ konferen͡tsi͡iasi [Proc. 9 scientific-practical conference of young orientalists named after academician Ubaydulla Karimov]. Tashkent, 2014. pp. 49-52. (In Uzbek); Khaliërov A. Khiva khonligida pul vaqfining huquqiĭ va iqtisodiĭ asoslariga doir [On the legal and economic foundations of the cash waqf in the Khanate of Khiva]. Ŭzbekiston tarikhi – History of Uzbekistan. 2014, no. 4, pp. 12-23. (In Uzbek); Khaliërov A. Khiva khonligida pul vaqflarining ishlatilishiga doir [On the use of th