THE ISSUE OF COVERAGE OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN TURKESTAN IN "TARJIMON"

Аннотация

This article, based on the information published in the newspaper "Tarjimon", analyzes the Jadid schools in Turkestan, in particular the new method schools of Munavvarqori Abdurashidkhanov, Is'hoqkhon Ibrat, Russian-system schools, teaching processes in gymnasiums, the examination system, shortcomings and achievements. It also covers the efforts of Jadids to open a dorilmuallimi, the establishment of a national press and the prohibitions imposed on it, and the publication of books. The article emphasizes the patronage of local wealthy people, including Abdulghaniboy Husainov and Haji Muhammadolimbay, in the development of the Turkestan education system. Keywords: printing house, mudarris, school, jadid, library, newspaper, usuli savtiya, charitable societies. The state of science in Turkestan at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, the state of the education system, and the educational policy of the Russian Empire in the country did not escape the attention of the editor of "Tarjimon". The pages of the newspaper contain information about education and science in Turkestan that has not yet been identified in archival documents, the national press, memoirs and memoirs, as well as historical literature and research. In particular, we can cite the opening of the "Madora" library by Obidjon Makhmudov, the efforts to republish "Sadoyi Turkiston" in 1916 under the name "Turkiston Ovozi", and the efforts to publish "Sadoyi Ferghana" under the name "Jome' ul akhbor". During the period under study, books on a number of topics were published in Turkestan. Even in today's conditions, it is difficult to print a book in 500 copies, the reports confirm that up to 6,000 copies were printed at that time. For example, O. Wilkins' book on silkworm breeding was translated into Turkish and published in Tashkent. Although no information is provided on how many copies of the first edition were printed, it is noted that the second edition was issued in an additional 2,000 copies by order of the Governor-General of Turkestan. At this point, the following should be noted about the owner of the national printing house, Gulom Hasan Orifjonov (1874 - 1947). He was one of the first publishers to establish printing in Turkestan and was born in Tashkent. In his youth, he was a calligrapher and bookseller. He studied at an old-style school and madrasah. From the end of the 19th century, he was in close contact with the progressives of Turkestan. In 1889, he founded a bookbinding workshop in his yard in the "Kallakhona" neighborhood of Tashkent, and on July 28, 1907, he founded the "Gulomiya" printing house in the "Sachichmon" neighborhood with his merchant uncle Kasimboy Haji. The printing house printed Firdawsi's "Shahnama", Alisher Navoi's "Khazoyin ul-maoniy" divan, works by Fuzuli, Bedil, Mukimi, Ahmad Yassavi, Sufi Olloyor, the Holy Quran, Uzbek folk epics, anecdotes about Khoja Nasriddin and other books. The price of the book was relatively cheap. 1 9 6 International scientific journal ISSN: 2181-3906 «MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH» 2025 VOLUME 4 / ISSUE 12 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ These publications were printed in large quantities for that time - 2000-3000 copies. The "Ghulomiya" printing house played an important role in the development of lithographic calligraphy in Turkestan. Equipment for the printing house was brought from Moscow and Leipzig. This printing house was later called the Orifjonov printing house and was confiscated when Soviet power was established in Tashkent. However, on May 17, 1918, he received permission from the Bolsheviks to open a printing house and continued his publishing activities. He died in Tashkent in 1947. After the establishment of Soviet power in Tashkent, the printing house was transferred to the state in March 1918. However, the inscription "G'ulom Hasan Orifjonov printing house" is also recorded in books published between 1918 and 1920. This printing house, located next to the Chorsu market, existed until the 1990s. "Tarjimon" contains valuable information about schools and madrasas in Tashkent, the teachers teaching in them, and the young people studying there. According to it, in 1888 there were 18 madrasas and 118 schools in Tashkent. 37 madrasas taught in the madrasas and 1410 students were educated. 112 male and 56 female teachers taught in the schools. 5323 boys and 1733 girls studied. There is no distinction between girls' and boys' schools. It is known that during this period, girls and boys were educated separately. The 1897 issue of the newspaper also provided information about the schools and madrasas in the Syrdarya and Fergana regions of the Turkestan General Governorate and the number of children studying in them. At that time, there were 1,402 schools in the Syrdarya region, where 77,711 children were educated. In the Fergana region, 5,408 students studied in 20 madrasas. "Tarjiman" also reported on the Jadid reforms in school and higher education and their