THE EVOLUTION OF TRANSLATION THEORY AND ITS METHODOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS: FROM HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS TO CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF EQUIVALENCE, CULTURE, AND PRACTICE

Аннотация

This article examines the historical development of translation theory and its methodological implications for contemporary translation practice. The study traces the evolution of key theoretical perspectives—from classical approaches focusing on literal and free translation to modern frameworks prioritizing equivalence, cultural transfer, and functionalist principles. The research also highlights the central problems faced by translators today, including linguistic asymmetry, cultural untranslatability, and the challenge of maintaining both accuracy and naturalness. By synthesizing major theoretical models and current scholarly discussions, the article provides insights into how translation theory informs practical decision-making and contributes to the translator’s professional competence. Keywords: translation theory, equivalence, cultural translation, functionalism, history of translation, methodology, translation practice.