A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF POLITENESS FORMULAS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK

Аннотация

This article analyses the role and functions of anthropocentric phraseological units (AFU) related to body parts in primary communication. Such units are an important language unit that reflects the relationship between language, thinking and the human body. They serve as an important tool for expressing a person’s emotional state, social attitude and sense of control. The analysis provides scientific foundations based on the conceptual metaphor theory of Lakoff and Johnson (1980), the emotional metaphor approach of Kövecses (2002), and the views of Hnatiuk (2020) on pragmatic functions. The results show that phraseological units related to body parts, as a cognitive model of a person, reflect not only the internal structure of the language system, but also the cultural values of society. With their help, the child acquires emotional and social competence at an early stage. Therefore, the anthropocentric approach is an important scientific method for revealing the inextricable link between language, thinking, and culture. Key words. Anthropocentric phraseological units, linguo-cultural phrases, social competence, phraseological formation, cognitive approach. Introduction. Language is a reflection of human thinking and worldview, it is inextricably linked with the human body and life activities, and is a central factor in the formation of culture, society and individual consciousness (Abdurahmonov, 2018). Through language, a person names real objects in the national environment, but also expresses his inner experiences, emotions and social status. Therefore, the language system serves as a “mirror” of human thinking. According to anthropocentric medicine, the main focus of language is the person himself, his body, emotional and social protection (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). Phraseological formations based on the names of the body - head, hand, eye, tongue, foot, ear and others - exist in many languages, embodying universal and national diseases of human thinking (Piirainen, 2012). Such combinations are very rich in semantic support, through which they reflect human perception, emotions, moral character and relationships in society. For example, in English, such expressions as “to lend a hand” (yordam qo‘lini uzatdi), “heart of stone” (bag’ri tosh odam), or in Uzbek, such as “kongli keng” yoki “kozi achildı” (opened eyes) are metaphorical ones that express a person’s mental state, moral qualities and social behaviour. From the point of view of cognitive linguistics, phraseologies related to body parts determine the conceptual factors of a person. Through them, a person perceives the world, categorizes their personalities and forms them in harmony with cultural people (Kövecses, 2002). This system can be interpreted as a national communicative tool, as well as a cognitive model that forms a cultural code, social consciousness and national identity. Therefore, the process of mastering phrases related to body parts through childhood is one of the important stages of linguo-cognitive bonding. Through these units, the child is able to metaphorically perceive the world, express emotional reactions, and raise social norms (Vygotskiy, 1978). Therefore, such phraseologies also play an important role in the development of the emotional and social competencies of the individual in the process of education and upbringing. Free phraseological units for body parts illuminate the anthropocentric nature of language. They are a complex semantic system that combines the cognitive, emotional, and sociocultural aspects of the human mind. Therefore, their study is a scientific enterprise for not only national linguistics, but also for psychology, cultural studies, and education. Vol. 5, No. 11 – Special Issue (EJAR) 72 ISSN: 2181-2020 LPTIENP International Scientific-Practice Conference on “Linguistics and Pedagogical Technologies: International Experience and National Practice” Denau, November 20, 2025 in-academy.uz/index.php/ejar Theoretical foundations. Anthropocentric linguistics interprets language as a reflection of human consciousness, bodily perception, and social protection. According to the metaphor theory of Lakoff Johnson (1980 and Johnson, Kovacs’s (2002), abstract knowledge is formed through the body. For example, expressions such as keep a cool head or open one’s heart express a person’s mental state through the body. Burger (2010) defines phraseological units as units that have been taken into culture and have become absorbed into meaning. Hnatiuk (2020) examines the role of anthropocentric phraseologies in expressing social and pragmatic means of action, emotional attitude and etiquette. Related to this is the localization of human cognition, emotions and culture in the body. In children's language, phraseological units related to body parts appear very early. They are used in fairy tales and educational everyday conversation, fairy tales and educational forms, helping children to develop action, emotion and social