CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE MUCOSA OF THE ORAL CAVITY IN TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS

Аннотация

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune endocrine disorder characterized by absolute insulin deficiency and persistent hyperglycemia. The oral cavity is highly sensitive to systemic metabolic dysregulation, and diabetic patients frequently develop pathological changes in the oral mucosa due to microangiopathy, neuropathy, immune dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Chronic hyperglycemia disrupts tissue turnover, increases susceptibility to infections, and impairs wound healing, predisposing patients to conditions such as xerostomia, candidiasis, periodontal disease, and mucosal ulcerations. Morphological alterations, including epithelial atrophy, increased keratinization, intracellular edema, and microvascular changes, are key indicators of oral mucosal involvement in T1DM. Understanding clinical and histopathological patterns of mucosal alterations in T1DM is essential for early diagnosis, prevention of complications, and effective dental management, as oral manifestations often precede systemic metabolic imbalance and may signal poor glycemic control.