Проблемы реформирования Совета Безопасности ООН и повышения его эффективности

Аннотация

In 1945, the allied Powers took the most important decision to establish a universal international organization - the United Nations, whose task was to save future generations from the scourge of war. The most important legal result of the Victory was the Charter of the United Nations (hereinafter - the UN) – a universal international treaty initiated by the USSR, Great Britain and the United States (later also by the People’s Republic of China and France), aimed at saving future generations from the disasters of a new world war by creating UN mechanisms for maintaining international peace and universal security. To implement this task, a permanent body was created - the UN Security Council, which was entrusted with the main responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. However, during the entire period of its activity, the UN Security Council was often paralyzed and could not significantly influence the world situation. This was caused by the “cold war” and the inter-bloc confrontation between the USSR and the United States, the practice of unilateral actions of states or groups of states on a range of issues assigned by the UN Charter to the exclusive competence of the Security Council. 173 The article discusses possible models for improving the activities of the body, namely, the expansion of its membership, the problems of working methods, including the use of the veto, and also analyzes the positions of the Member states of the Organization on the reform of the UN Security Council. In conclusion, the need for reforms of the Security Council system to ensure peace and cooperation of the States of the world community is emphasized. Keywords: UN, Security Council, reform, permanent members, non-permanent members, veto, terrorism By universal recognition, the United Nations has become the most effective and universal system for regulating international relations at the global level in the entire history of mankind. But even this fact does not turn the UN into an ideal mechanism, all the functions of which would be fully realized. Therefore, since the second half of the last century, the world community has begun to discuss the special need to reform the Organization1. Some UN institutions eventually cease to reflect the real political balance of power, many of the most important decisions are no longer respected by States, and direct violations of international law occur periodically with the connivance of the Organization. One of these problematic bodies is now the Security Council, which is entrusted by the UN Charter with “the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security”2. The reform of the UN collective security system should begin with the Security Council and its mechanisms. Such a reform cannot be carried out without the broadest support of the UN members. However, it is not possible to solve this problem perfectly, so the adoption of some intermediate or temporary model of reform is the most acceptable3. The structure of the UN Security Council, regulated by Chapter 5 of the Charter, still reflects the global political balance of power during the Second World War. The main feature of the status of States with permanent membership in this body is the ability to veto decisions on the merits. The right of veto is never explicitly mentioned in the UN Charter, but its operation is assumed to be logical based on Article 27: “Decisions of the Security Council on all other issues [not procedural-approx. the votes 1 Shaforostova K. I., Reform of the UN Security Council: A detailed analysis of options / / International Student Scientific Bulletin. – 2018. – № 5.; [Electronic resource] URL: http://eduherald.ru/ru/article/view?id=18543 (Date of access: 03.04.2021) 2 The UN Charter of 1945, [Electronic resource] URL: https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/full-text (Date of access: 27.03.2021) 3 Report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organization for 2008 / / United Nations [Electronic resource] URL: https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/ru/content/secretary-generals-reports-submitted-security-council-2008 (Date of access: 02.04.2021) 174 of the 9 members of the Council, including the concurring votes of all the permanent members of the Council, are considered accepted.”1 The issue of Security Council reform has been studied in the science of international law from various perspectives. However, the authors usually address the problems of implementing the powers of the Security Council, expanding its membership and using the right of veto (Attached is a table with the permanent members of the UN Security Council who use the right of veto) when making decisions on the merits (O. Sorokina2, S. V. Dodonova3, R. A. Kalamkaryan4, D. Ya. Kapustin5, S. N. Snegina6, Yu. N. Maleev7). Experts, despite all the restraint in the issue of UN reform, do not deny the problems and note: “The mechanism for joint problem solving in the Security Council does not alw