HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE LUNGS AND PATHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS

Аннотация

The lungs are vital organs responsible for gas exchange, providing oxygen to tissues and removing carbon dioxide from the bloodstream. Histologically, the lungs are composed of a branching bronchial tree ending in alveoli, where gas exchange occurs across the alveolar- capillary barrier. Pathological conditions such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary fibrosis cause characteristic alterations in lung histology that directly impair respiratory function. This article reviews the normal histological structure of the lungs and describes common pathological changes with emphasis on their diagnostic and clinical relevance. Keywords:lunghistology, alveoli, pneumonia, COPD,pulmonary fibrosis