THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN SURKHANDARYA REGION (1991–2021) AND ITS METHODOLOGICAL ROLE IN FORMING ANALYTICAL SKILLS OF STUDENTS

Аннотация

This article examines the changes in rural infrastructure in Surkhandarya region during theyears of independence (1991–2021).Particular attention is paid to theconstruction of roads, electricity and gas supply, water systems, as well as social facilities such as schools, hospitals, and cultural centers. It also analyzes the methodology of teaching these processes to studentsin order todevelop theiranalytical skills. Keywords: Rural infrastructure, Surkhandarya, education methodology, analytical skills, independenceyears, reforms. Introduction The years of independence in Uzbekistan have brought about radical changes in the rural infrastructure of Surkhandarya region. Roads were repaired and expanded, electricity and natural gas were delivered to remote villages, and social institutions were modernized. These changes not only improved the lives of the population but also became an important historical source for educating students. Studying such transformations methodologically allows learners to develop analytical thinking and understand socio-economic processes in depth. Main Part From 1991 to 2021, over 2,000 kilometers of internal roads were reconstructed in Surkhandarya. Electricity networks were updated, and many villages gained access to natural gas. Schools, medical centers, and cultural institutions were established in rural areas. These processes became a new stage in the development of rural life. For students, analyzing such changes is notonly about acquiring knowledge ofhistory but also about forming critical and analytical thinking. Through comparing statistical data, interpreting diagrams, and examining documents, learners develop theability toestablish cause-and-effect relationships Research ObjectThe history of rural infrastructure changes in Surkhandarya region during 1991–202 Research Methodology Historical-documentary analysis – based on official decrees, statistics, and archive data. Pedagogical experiment – testing the methods of teaching this topic in classroom conditions. Comparative method – analyzing the pre-independence and post- independence infrastructure. Observation – monitoring students’ progress during the experiment Experimental Process In the experimental lessons, students were given tasks to analyze road construction, energy supply, and social infrastructure. They compared the data of the 1990s and 2020s using tables and diagrams. As a result, students demonstrated improved analytical thinking and increased interest in local history.Achievements and Challenges Achievements: Students learned to evaluate historical processes through socio-economic perspectives. Analytical skills were significantly strengthened. Interest in local sources and statistics increased. The above-mentioned monograph by A.Hazratqulov describes the study of many problems of the social sphere in Uzbekistan in the 70s and 90s, as well as reflections on 365 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue08,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai their elimination. S.Tursunov's monograph problems of improving housing and household conditions of rural people " is valuable for its involvement in the topic under direct study. The author thoroughly studied the activities of the rural housing and household service network and summarizes information about rural housing conditions in the conditions of Soviet rule. In the Monographs of M. Nurmuhammedova and Y.Ergasheva, issues in the cultural sphere and their solution are studied in the villages of Uzbekistan. In particular, the monograph of M. Nurmuhammedova reflects on the human factor and rural social development, cultural and whitening institutions, various folk holidays. In the historiography of the subject of cultural history, a special place is occupied by the monograph of the Yu.Ergasheva "Kultura Uzbekistana: tendentsii i problemi razvitiya". In this monograph, The History of almost all directions of the cultural sphere was studied in Uzbekistan in the 50-60 years of the 20th century. The author touches on the specific pros and cons of the life of Public Education, the system of secondary and higher education, science, literature and art, cultural and educational institutions and the media in Uzbekistan, in particular in the southern regions. Studies and literature created by representatives of the socio-humanitarian sphere, which analyzed various aspects of rural infrastructure, were introduced. The topic studied in the studies of T.Abdullaev, Z.Ismailova, I.Ramazonov, M. Eshmatov was analyzed from a philosophical point of view and summarized thoughts on the spiritual image of rural youth, socio-political and spiritual factors of updating the rural lifestyle, the problem of approaching the lives of urban and rural residents. The research of R.Muratov, Z.Khudoyberdiev, R.Egamberdiev, B.Yangiboev, Sh.Qarshiev is devoted to the study of rural econo