THE NEED FOR TRANSPORTATION, ITS CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES

Аннотация

This article reflects the need for transport and its satisfaction, the formation and development of transport from the time of the formation of society. In particular, the stages of creation and development of thefirst vehicle, its creators, technical problems and theirsolutions arehighlighted. Key words: Self-propelled carriage, self-propelled carriage, steam carriage, passenger crew, steam distributor (zolotnik), gutta -percha tire, elastic tire, steam piston, internal combustion engine, gas engine, gasolineengine, diesel engine. Introduction. Transport, like other types of industry, serves as a branch of material production. It does not produce products like other sectors of the national economy. The product of transport is thetransportation of passengers and cargo from oneplace to another. Without the transportation of objects, devices, people, especially today, it is impossible to perform any work productively andefficiently. The need for freight transport arose at the earliest stages of human civilization. At the same time, it should be noted that in the early stages of human thought, the need for transport was minimal and existed only for personal needs. In the 5th-6th millennia BC, water transport began to take shape as a means of hunting and transport. The trees flowing from the rivers contributed to the construction of these dams. In countries with developed animal husbandry, the idea of using tanned furs for transporting cargo from rivers emerged. With the advent of metal structures, the development of animal husbandry and agriculture, and the exchange of various goods with neighbors, trade began to develop. Subsequently, the seizure of land and property, and slavery flourished. As the number of tribes increased, slave- owning countries emerged. As a result of armed conflicts and reparations, the need for water and landtransport arose and developed. The ancient civilizations or countries known to us appeared in the ancient East, on the banks of the Nile, Euphrates, Indus, Ganges, Yellow and Yangtze rivers and the Mediterranean Sea, in ancient Rome. The need for powerful transport, primarily water transport, led to its development. For example, according to Herodotus, Egypt had a large river and navy for 700,000 soldiers 5,000 years before our era. Products of animal husbandry, crafts, and agriculture, building materials for the construction of temples, fortresses, and dwellings, as well as stones weighing up to 3 tons for the construction of pyramids and deities, were transported on ships across the Nile River. Shipping, that is, water transport, developed so rapidly that a lighthouse was built and installed on the island of Pharos in Alexandria at a height of 200 meters. The reflection of the bonfire is reflected in a metal mirror. It is no coincidence that the lighthouse of Faros is considered oneofthe 7treasures. Long before our era, giant ships for that time were built in Egypt. One of them was 93 meters longand rowed with 200oars. Theship could accommodatean armed army of3,000men. Landtransport played a large role in thedevelopment of human society. From ancient Latin, the expression "Via est vita" (road is life) has reached us, which can be expressed as "Transport is a holiday." 199 INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT SJIF2019:5.2222020:5.5522021:5.6372022:5.4792023:6.5632024:7,805 eISSN:2394-6334 https://www.ijmrd.in/index.php/imjrd Volume12,issue08(2025) The first carts appeared in Western Asia 5 thousand years before our era in steppe areas with flat terrain, where itwas easy to move. In these carriages, as early as the 17thcentury, almost all elements of thecar were encompassed: the body, spring suspension, front axle pulley, brakes, tire-covered strong and light wheels, front axle,and later -gutta-perched tires. For many centuries, oxen, donkeys, and later horses and other large domestic animals were used as ground-moving forces. But humanity has always been searching for a different source ofenergy. [1] However, there is insufficient information about thesails used onland. In 1752, Leontiy Shamshurenkov, a Russian servant in the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate, created the "self-driving carriage" ("samobeglaya kolyaska"). This cart was driven by two people. In 1971, Shamshurenko's compatriot Ivan Petrovich Kulibin (1735-1818) created a modern design of the"self-propelled cart" ofhis time(Fig. 2). He used three wheels instead of four. The steady speed of the cart was maintained by the flywheel under the frame. In addition, braking devices with a specific portable gearbox and special springs were used [2]. The mechanism used in the cart was able to make it move quickly up the hill and slowly down the hill. As passengers, two people in an open body, and a third one, alternately pressing their feet on the drivelevers, set thewheels in motion. At thesametime, hemanaged the movement ofthecrew. In 1690, the French physicist Denis Papin created a steam engine consis