ANALYSIS OF BRAKE SYSTEMS USED TO ENSURE VEHICLE TRAFFIC SAFETY

Аннотация

In this article, the structure and operating principle of two main types of automotive braking systems - disc and drum braking systems - are studied. The advantages and disadvantages of disc and drum braking systems were analyzed, and it was explained in which cases theirapplication is moreeffective. Keywords: braking system, disc brake, drum brake, lead brake, trailing brake, twin lead brake, du-servo, vehicle safety. 1. Introduction. The brake control serves to slow down the vehicle's movement, stop it, and prevent it from self-shifting on road slopes for an extended period. The creation of a braking force between the wheels and the road surface and its control is carried out precisely by means ofbrake control [1]. The operation of friction braking mechanisms in automobiles is based on the friction created between rotating and stationary parts. Depending on the shape of the rotating parts, brake mechanisms are divided intodisk and drumtypes. In modern passenger cars, only disc braking mechanisms are used on the front wheels, while disc or drum braking mechanisms are used on the rear wheels. Disc braking mechanisms began tobe used onthefront wheels of trucks and buses. The friction coatings of disc brake mechanisms operate under high specific pressure, therefore they wear out faster than thecoatings of drum brake mechanisms [2]. 2.Research Methodology. Disc braking mechanism. The brake rotors of the disc brakes rotate with the wheels, and the brake pads installed on the brake calipers are pressed against these rotors to stop or slow the wheels. Brake pads resisting the rotors create friction, which converts kinetic energy into thermal energy. There are two types of disc brakes. The first is called a "opposite-cylinder disc brake" with cylinders on both sides of the disk rotor, and the second is called a "floating-type disc brake" withcylinders only ononeside. 168 INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT SJIF2019:5.2222020:5.5522021:5.6372022:5.4792023:6.5632024:7,805 eISSN:2394-6334 https://www.ijmrd.in/index.php/imjrd Volume12,issue08(2025) Figure 1.Main parts offloating discbrakes Disc brakes are commonly used in passenger cars, but due to their stable operation at high speeds band resistance to brake drop, they are gradually becoming widespread for other types ofcars (drum brakes for othertypes of cars traditionally selected for longerservice life). Drum braking mechanism. Brawler brakes - a braking system with brake drums (rotors) rotating with the wheels. Inside each drum, brake pads are installed, equipped from the inside with brake pads (friction material) pressing on the drums to create braking force, which allows thecar toslow down and stop. When the driver presses the brake pedal, the power is increased by the brake booster and converted to hydraulic pressure by themain cylinder. The applied pressure pushes thepistons in the brakes of four wheels. The pistons compress the brake plates, which are friction materials, onto the inner surfaces of the brake drums rotating with the wheels. The coatings are pressed against therotating drums, thereby slowing down andstoppingthe vehicle. 169 INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT SJIF2019:5.2222020:5.5522021:5.6372022:5.4792023:6.5632024:7,805 eISSN:2394-6334 https://www.ijmrd.in/index.php/imjrd Volume12,issue08(2025) Figure 2.Drumbrakemechanism In this system, friction is created bypressing thebrake coatings against the inner surfaces of the drums. The rotation of the drum contributes to the pressure of the shoes and lining on the drum withgreater force, providing ahigher braking force thandiscbrakes. Depending on how the brake shoes are pressed on the drums, there are three types of drum brakes: drive/track brake type, twindrive brake type, and du-servo type. Small-drum brakes can use brake pads made of soft steel, while commercial vehicle brakes can use cast iron pads. Brake shoes are installed on a screwdriver plate fixed to the axle or suspension of the vehicle. The brake drum is fixed to the wheel hub and rotates with it, so that when the shoes are pushed out onto the inner surface of the drum, the brake drum, the wheel, andthus thevehicle, slow down. Driver brake with drive/rear brake pad. The term "leading (or main) block" refers to a block that moves in the direction of rotation when the drum is pressed. The other block is called the "rear (secondary) block." The driving block is pressed in the same direction as the rotation of the drums, and this rotation helps to press the blocks on the drum with greater pressure for stronger braking. This is called the servo effect (self-amplifying effect), which provides the drum brakes with strong braking ability. 170 INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT SJIF2019:5.2222020:5.5522021:5.6372022:5.4792023:6.5632024:7,805 eISSN:2394-6334 https://www.ijmrd.in/index.php/imjrd Volume12,issue08(2025) Structurally, it consists of a whe