ISSUES OF ECOLOGICAL PROTECTION OF CITIES AROUND THE WORLD

Аннотация

This article analyzes the environmental problems facing world cities and the strategies being applied to solve them. Attention is paid to such pressing issues as atmospheric pollution, waste management, the reduction of green spaces, water and soil pollution. The experience of developed and developing countries is also comparatively studied. The article highlights the importance of ensuring environmental sustainability, developing green infrastructure, and environmental management systems, and emphasizes the principles of environmentally safe urban development. Keywords. environmental protection, urbanization, waste management, air pollution, sustainabledevelopment, green infrastructure, environmental safety Introduction. Nature is a holistic system with many balanced relationships. Disruption of these bonds leads to a change in the exchange of substances and energy existing in nature. In modern society, such quantities of substances and energy are required for production and consumption that exceed a person's biological needs by hundreds of times. This is the main cause of the modern ecological crisis. Today, the Earth's population has reached 7.5 billion people. Global climate change, land degradation, and a decrease in biodiversity pose a serious threat not only to the development of economicsectors but also to theprosperous future of humanity. The principles of international environmental cooperation were first established in 1972 in the Declaration of the Stockholm Conference of the UN on Environmental Problems, which defined a new direction of international cooperation - environmental protection, recognizing the fundamental human right tolifeand theenvironment, and otherprinciples. In June 1992, at the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, the Declaration on Environment and Development, as well as the Action Program "Agenda for the21stCentury," were adopted and signed. In recent years, there has been a rapid increase and high level of anthropogenic impact on the environment. Today, human production activity is associated with the use of various natural resources, including many chemical elements. The intensification of anthropogenic impact onthe environment has caused a number of environmental problems. The most pressing problems are related totheatmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. A car is not a luxury vehicle, but a means of transportation. Currently, it is impossible to imagine the existence of humanity without acar. With urbanization and the growth of megacities, motor transport has become the most unfavorable environmental factor in protecting human health and the natural environment in the city. Thus, the machine became a competitor to man fortheliving space. https://ijmri.de/index.php/jmsi volume 4,issue7,2025 293 Fig 1. Emission of toxic gases Overthe past decades, humanity has become convinced that the first culprit in air pollution, one of the main sources of life on our planet, and a product of scientific and technological progress, is the automobile. The car, in addition to absorbing the oxygen necessary for life, intensively pollutes the air with toxic substances that simultaneously cause serious damage to all livingand non-living things. Its contribution to environmental pollution is 60-90%. Based on this, it is necessary to take into account the need for strict control over the level ofharmful emissions and noiseduring theproduction ofcars. Transportationpollutes theenvironment invarious ways: 1.Spillsof petroleum products and waste during natural disasters and illegal activities. 2.Reduction offuel reserves as a result offuel combustionin engines. 3.Airpollutiondue tothe combustionoffuel andits direct evaporation into theair. 4. Separating land and forests with barriers and thereby breaking down the integrity of natureinto smallerparts. 5.Seizureofland and water areas for transport infrastructure. 6.High noisefrom traffic movement, as well as vibration from loaded main roads. 7.Wastefrom amoving vehicle. 8.Wasteofused vehicles andtheir spareparts. 9.CO emissions intotheatmosphere, etc. 2 There is another criterion for airpollution- thefight against frozen roads. The chemical method of removing snow and ice from road surfaces using chlorinated compounds has a harmful effect on landscaped areas either directly or through soil. Direct action is carried out upon removal of saline snow from barriers and roadsides. This leads to direct damage to plant tissue. Salinization of the soil, caused by the penetration of saline waters into sown areas, worsens the soil structure, resulting in the death of trees and shrubs. If trees are planted at a distance of up to 9 m from the edge of the road, theprobability of their destruction is significantlyreduced. Phosphate-rich soilis considered fertile and causes less damage. The strong harmful effects of salts are manifested in the corrosion of metals of cars, road cleaning machines, road signs, and elements of barriers. So