The Contexts of American Naturalism in Jack London's Works and Uzbek Psychological Realism in The Prose of Utkir Hoshimov

Аннотация

This academic article is dedicated to a comparative-typological analysis of the works of two authors from different national literatures and literary movements: Jack London and Utkir Hoshimov. The research examines Jack London's work within the context of American Naturalism and Utkir Hoshimov's prose within the context of Uzbek psychological realism. The primary objective of the article is to reveal the fundamental differences and typological commonalities in the artistic interpretation of the human condition, the nature of conflict, the protagonist type, and the role of the environment within these two distinct literary-philosophical systems.London's work is predominantly external (man vs. nature/society) and deterministic (influenced by heredity and environment), whereas in Hoshimov's prose, the conflict is internal (man vs. his conscience) and based on moral choice. Keywords: Comparative literature, American Naturalism, psychological realism, human condition, determinism, conscience, individualism, communality, conflict analysis. environment on an individual's fate, characteristic of Introduction: Within the landscape of world literature, American Naturalism in Jack London's work, and the every national literature is distinguished by its unique artistic expression of conscience, moral choice, and artistic-aesthetic system and its distinctive literary national mentality, characteristic of Uzbek movements. American Naturalism and Uzbek psychological realism in Utkir Hoshimov's prose? psychological realism, emerging from two different poles of 20th-century literature, are such unique The purpose of this study is to reveal the unique phenomena. A comparative-typological analysis of the aspects of the artistic interpretation of the human works of their prominent representatives—Jack condition, its struggle, and its relationship with the London (1876-1916) and Utkir Hoshimov (1941- environment by comparatively analyzing the works of 2013)—may at first seem to be an attempt to unite Jack London and O‘tkir Hoshimov within the contexts of entirely disparate phenomena. However, a deeper American Naturalism and Uzbek psychological realism. examination of their creative laboratories reveals that The academic novelty of this research lies in the fact universal problems such as the human condition, the that, for the first time in Uzbek literary studies, the individual's struggle, and the conflict between the self works of these two authors are being examined within and the environment are interpreted differently, yet the specific literary movements of Naturalism and with essential proximity, within two distinct literary- psychological realism, with a comparative analysis of philosophical frameworks. their philosophical-aesthetic foundations. The objects of this study include J. London's novels Martin Eden and The central research problem is as follows: what The Call of the Wild, and U. Hoshimov's novels Between typological commonalities and fundamental Two Doors and Lives Lived in a Dream. differences exist between the concept of biological determinism and the influence of heredity and METHOD International Journal Of Literature And Languages 102 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijll International Journal Of Literature And Languages (ISSN: 2771-2834) The work of Jack London and the movement of forces for survival. These forces are: American Naturalism have been extensively studied by 1. Nature: In The Call of the Wild, Buck's international scholars such as Donald Pizer, Earle Labor, awakening of ancestral instincts to adapt to the wild, or and Charles Walcutt. In his work Twentieth-Century the prospector's struggle against cold, hunger, and wild American Naturalism: An Interpretation, D. Pizer animals in "Love of Life," are prime examples. Here, analyzes naturalism not merely as pessimism, but as a nature is a ruthless arena of struggle governed by philosophical position demonstrating that human life is Darwinian laws. subject to complex, deterministic forces (heredity, 2. Society: In the novel Martin Eden, the environment, chance) E. Labor, on the other hand, protagonist battles against a bourgeois society that studied London from the perspective of mythological refuses to recognize his talent and worships money and criticism, identifying archetypal struggle motifs in his status. This struggle is also external and socio- works. economic in nature Utkir Hoshimov and Uzbek The works of Utkir Hoshimov and Uzbek psychological Psychological Realism: In Hoshimov's work, the conflict realism have been thoroughly researched by Uzbek largely shifts to the internal world. His characters scholars like Umarali Normatov, Naim Karimov, and struggle less with external forces and more with their Ibrohim Gafurov. U. Normatov refers to the author as a own consciences, memories, and moral dilemmas. "connoisseur of the human soul" and emphasizes that 1. Conscience: In the novel Between Two Doors, his prose contains sublime examples