OBTAINING COLLOID COMPOSITIONS BASED ON PEGANUM HARMALA EXTRACTS AND NANOSILVER

Аннотация

Thearticle provides information on the compounds contained in thePeganum harmala plant, the use of plant parts and individual compounds. The sum of extractive substances was isolated and their yields were determined by extracting different parts of the Peganum harmala plant with water. Nanosilver compositions of the extracts were prepared and their IR spectra were obtained. Keywords: Peganum harmala, harmaline, harmine, harmalol, peganin, extraction, nanosilver, reducing agent, stabilizer, composition, IR spectrum, yield. Introduction. Peganum harmala is rich in resources, widely distributed in the world, and has a medicinal history of over 2000 years. Traditional use in disinfectants and mosquito control has led to its successful application in the treatment and prevention of diseases in humans, animals, and plants. The plant Peganum harmala, popularly known as Peganum harmala, contains a large number of biologically active substances, especially alkaloids. Peganum harmala alkaloids are also psychoactive compounds in humans. Plant extracts have insecticidal properties against pests of agricultural plants. Infectious diseases cause great harm to the health of humans, animals, and plants, and they occur worldwide due to the diversity of pathogens and their high infectivity. Effective prevention and treatment of infectious diseases are major medical problems. Antimicrobial drugs play an important role in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases [1,2]. Despite the continuous development and progress in medical science, many pathogens have developed drug resistance to antimicrobial drugs due to genetic changes, reducing the effectiveness of antibiotics and greatly limiting their clinical application. In addition, the development of antibiotics has almost come to a standstill in the past decade due to the long R&D cycles of antibiotics, high R&D costs and low commercial profits [3]. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new antimicrobial drugs to eliminate diseases caused by drug-resistant microorganisms. P. harmala L. - belongs to the family Zygophyllaceae (in some sources Nitrariaceae). In Uzbekistan, it is called "isiriq" and is a plant that has been used for various purposes since ancient times. P. harmala is a plant distributed mainly in the Middle East, North Africa andCentral Asia. Theplant is usually not grazed byanimals due toits bittertaste. https://ijmri.de/index.php/jmsi volume 4,issue7,2025 138 Figure 1.Peganumharmala L.:a)leaf, b)flower, c) fruit, d)seed. P. harmala is a perennial herb with a strong odor, blooming in May-July, growing in steppes and hills, 40-70 cm high. The root is multi-headed, woody, thick, 3-5 cm in diameter. The stem is branched, bare, densely leafy. The leaves are alternate, 4-5 cm long, 5-6 cm wide, three-edged at the base, and the segments are also divided into linear segments. The flowers are white, the fruit is a three-celled capsule with a diameter of 0.6-1 cm, the fruits ripen from late June to August, 1- 2mmlong (Figure 1). In recent years, many studies have shown that more and more natural products of plants have special biological activities as natural antibiotics, which play an important role in the prevention, treatment and reduction of the spread of disease. Peganum harmala L., a perennial plant belonging to the Zygophyllaceae family. Phytochemical studies have shown that the main chemical components in the plant are alkaloids, flavonoids, esters and trace elements [4-7]. However, there are few studies on the production and practical application of nanosilver- containing alkaloid extracts, and the content is limited to the synthesis of nanosilver using the extract using the “Green” method. Based on this, we aimed toobtain a drug with bactericidal and fungicidal properties from theextract of thePeganum harmala plant containing nanosilver. Literature review. The pharmacological, chemical and biological activity of Peganum harmala has been studied for more than 100 years. Peganum harmala contains a wide variety of compounds. More than 308 compounds have been isolated from Peganum harmala, of which 97 are alkaloids, 24 are flavonoids, 10 are triterpenoids, 3 are anthraquinones, 2 are phenylpropanoids, 18 are carbohydrates, 17 are amino acids, 99 are volatile oils, 26 are fatty acids, 26are linoleicacids, 3are carotenes, and 6other trace elements. Among these compounds, the highest content is the β-carboline alkaloids (βC). The alkaloid content is up to 10% in the seeds, followed by the roots, and the lowest in the leaves. Their main compounds include harmine, harmaline, harmalol, harman, and harmol; several new compounds have been reported inrecent years (Table1) [8]. Table1. Formula andstructure of themostabundantalkaloidsof Peganumharmala Name Formula IUPACname Structure 7-Methoxy-1-methyl-9H- Garmin C H N O 13 12 2 pyrido[3,4-b]indole https://ijmri.de/index.php/jmsi volume 4,issue7,2025 139 4,9-dihydro-7-methoxy-1-methyl- Garmalin C H N O 13 14 2 3H-pyr