IMPORTANCE OF ELECTROLYSIS PROCESS IN INDUSTRY

Аннотация

The article describes the process of electrolysis, its application in industry, the processes offorming aprotective coating onthesurface ofmetals. Аннотация: в статье описан процесс электролиза, его применение в промышленности, процессыформирования защитногопокрытия наповерхностиметаллов. Keywords:electrod, anod,cathod, electric current, galvanotechnics, photoelectrochemical cell Ключевые слова: электрод, анод, катод, электрический ток, гальванотехника, фотоэлектрохимическая ячейка When an electric current passes through an electrolyte solution or solution, dissolved substances or other substances at the electrodes are produced as secondary reactions at the electrodes. This physical-chemical process is called electrolysis. The essence of electrolysis is that the ions in the electrolyte liquid move in an orderly manner in the electric field created by the electrodes. The negative electrode is the cathode, and the positive electrode is the anode. Negative ions called anions (hydroxyl group ions and anions of acid residues) move to the anode, and positive ions, cations (hydrogen, metals, ammonium, etc.) move to the cathode. An oxidation-reduction process takes place at the electrodes: the electrochemical reduction of particles (atoms, molecules, cations) occurs at the cathode, and the electrochemical oxidation of particles (atoms, molecules, anions) occurs at theanode. Figure1. Schematic diagramofthe electrolysis process Dissociation reactions in electrolyte solutions or liquids are called primary reactions, and reactions occurring directly at the electrodes are called secondary reactions. Separation of electrolysis reactions into primary and secondary reactions helped Michael Faraday create the laws of electrolysis. Faraday's first law of electrolysis: during electrolysis, the mass of the substance released to the electrode is directly proportional to the amount of electricity supplied to this electrode. Electric quantity refers to electric charge, usually measured in coulombs. Faraday's second lawof electrolysis: the mass ofa chemical compound formed under theinfluence ofa certain amount of electric current (electric charge) given to an electrode is directly proportional to its equivalent mass. Formation ofa protective coating is theprocess of formation ofmetal coatings ontheirsurface when a direct electric current passes through solutions of metal and non-metal compounds, it is a field of applied electrochemistry. Forming a protective coating is the joining of another metal to the metal worldlyjournals.com ILMIY TADQIQOTLAR VA ULARNING YECHIMLARI JURNALI JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND THEIR SOLUTIONS VOLUME 6, ISSUE 01, IYUL 2025 WORLDLY KNOWLEDGE NASHRIYOTI surface, which serves as the cathode of the electrolyzer and is firmly attached (adhered) to the metal (item) to be coated. Before coating the protective metal, it is necessary to clean the surface of the product from oil and other parts, otherwise the metal will be placed unevenly, and in addition, the adhesion (bonding) of the coating metal to the surface of the product will be of poor quality. Plating can be used to cover an object (metal) with a thin layer of gold or silver, chromium or nickel. The electrolysis process can be used to apply the best metal coatings to various metal surfaces. With this coating method, the part is used as a cathode placed in a metal salt solution, from which the coating should be removed. A plate made of the same metal is used as the anode. The process of obtaining clear, easily removable metal replicas (busts, statues, etc.) of various non-metallic and metallic objects of relatively large thickness by electrolysis, called electrotype matrices, is called electroplating. Electrolysis plays a crucial role in modern metal refining processes, particularly in the production of high-purity copper, zinc, and aluminum, where impure metal anodes are dissolved and pure metal is deposited at the cathode. Recent advancements in membrane electrolysis technology have significantly improved the efficiency of chlor-alkali processes, enabling more sustainable production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide while minimizing environmental impact. The development of polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers has revolutionized green hydrogen production, offering higher efficiency and faster response times compared to traditional alkaline electrolyzers. In the field of nanotechnology, electrolysis enables the precise deposition of ultrathin metal layers foradvanced electronic componentsand sensors. Electrochemical machining, a specialized application of electrolysis, allows for extremely precise shaping of hard metals in aerospace and medical device manufacturing. Recent research focuses on photoelectrochemical cells that combine solar energy absorption with electrolysis for direct solar-to- fuel conversion. The recycling of rare earth metals through electrolytic processes has gained importance in sustainable resource management. In the foo