The Theoretical and Practical Foundations of Equivalence in The Korean Language: On the Example of The Verbs '가다' (To Go) And '오다' (To Come)

Аннотация

This article analyzes the concept of equivalence in linguistics, with particular focus on the theoretical and practical aspects as illustrated by the Korean auxiliary verbs “가다” (to go) and “오다” (to come), which express direction of movement and semantic change. The research is grounded in the study of verb valency and various models of equivalence (formal, dynamic, semantic, pragmatic), exploring the internal structural units of the language system and their syntactic and semantic functions. The article contributes to a deeper understanding of the linguistic features of the Korean language and offers insights into resolving issues of equivalence that arise in the translation process. Keywords: Equivalence, linguistics, language theory, verb valency, Korean language, auxiliary verbs, verbs “가다”, “오다”, lexical-semantic equivalence, grammatical-syntactic equivalence, pragmatic equivalence, intralingual equivalence. Introduction: In linguistics, the concept of equivalence is one of the central issues of language analysis. Initially interpreted merely as formal correspondence, over time it has come to include semantic, pragmatic, and functional dimensions. This article covers the theoretical foundations of equivalence and offers an analysis of structural models that express direction of movement and semantic shifts in the Korean language. European International Journal of Philological Sciences 18 https://eipublication.com/index.php/eijps European International Journal of Philological Sciences In particular, it examines the semantic functions within closely as possible. This approach is typically applied to scientific, technical texts and poetic translations, but in the language of Korean auxiliary verbs like “가다” (to other contexts, it may hinder the full conveyance of go) and “오다” (to come) and their relation to the meaning. notion of equivalence. The issue of equivalence holds For example, the Korean sentence “나는 학교에 significant importance in linguistics, especially in language theory, contrastive linguistics, and language 갑니다” is translated as “I go to school.” From the education. This concept involves identifying and perspective of formal equivalence, this could also be analyzing linguistic units that correspond in meaning, rendered in fuller grammatical and stylistic form as “I function, and context within a single language or am heading to school” or “I set out towards school.” between two or more languages (Jakobson, 1984). Dynamic (or functional) equivalence focuses on METHODS ensuring that the target audience perceives the The methodological framework of this research message with the same effect as intended in the source incorporates several approaches. Firstly, using the text. According to linguists Eugene A. Nida and Charles contrastive analysis approach, the study identified Russell Taber (1969), the aim is for the audience to semantic and syntactic correspondences between understand and interpret the text as if it were originally Korean and Uzbek. This approach made it possible to written in the target language. This approach considers analyze how linguistic units are similarly or differently cultural and contextual differences. realized across the two languages. In addition, through For instance, in Korean, the expression “진지 a descriptive approach, the study clarified the place of Korean auxiliary verbs in the linguistic system and 드셨어요?” literally means “Have you eaten?” in an examined their functional and semantic capacities. honorific form. In dynamic translation, this may be Based on the theory of verb valency, drawing on the adapted as “Have you had breakfast?” or “Have you had ideas of Tesnière, Mel’čuk (1988), Kim (2001), the lunch?” depending on the situation, to better reflect the research deeply investigated how verbs combine with intended meaning. actants within syntactic structures. Semantic equivalence The theoretical foundation of the article was built upon Semantic equivalence focuses on preserving both the translation studies theories, particularly the models of denotative (primary) and connotative (additional, equivalence proposed by Nida, Newmark, and House. implied) meanings of words as fully as possible. This Through these frameworks, the research analyzed approach emphasizes the importance of subtle nuances literal and functional correspondences in translation, of meaning. In Korean, for instance, there are verbs like dynamic equivalence, and pragmatic matches. “맑다” (clear, clean) and “개다” (to clear up, become As research material, the study used examples from clear after being cloudy), both of which describe written and spoken Korean texts, specifically focusing weather conditions. However, “맑다” refers to the on sentences containing the verbs “가다” and “오다.” Additionally, a comparative analysis was carried out quality of the weather itself, while “개다” denotes the based on modern Korean grammar references, process or result of the weather clearing after it was translated text