MAMLAKATIMIZ MOLIYA INSTUTLARIDA TO‘LOV SHAKLLARIDAN FOYDALANISH AMALIYOTIGA TA’SIR ETUVCHI OMILLAR

Аннотация

The Central Bank is responsible for creating a unified information and legal environment in the field of payments and payment systems, effectively regulating the payment services market, ensuring the activities of payment systems, payment system operators and payment service providers, and increasing transparency and openness. International banking experience shows that one of the most important issues in the practice of using non-cash forms of payment is ensuring the continuity of payments. A number of practical works are being carried out to improve relations in the field of payment services, as well as electronic money, and the activities ofparticipants intheelectronic money system. The article identifies current problems related to ensuring the widespread introduction of modern payment and payment systems in the Republic of Uzbekistan and develops scientific proposals for theirsolution. Key words: Payments, payment systems, electronic money, information and communication, cryptocurrency, issuer liquidity, letter of credit, covered letter of credit, banking assets. Kirish. Xalqaro bank amaliyoti tajribalari kо‘rsatadiki, naqd pulsiz hisob-kitob shakllaridan foydalanish amaliyotidagi eng muhim masalalardan biri bо‘lib, tо‘lovlarning uzluksizligini ta’minlash hisoblanadi. О‘z navbatida, tо‘lovlarning uzluksizligini ta’minlash bevosita tijorat banklarining likvidliligiga va tо‘lovni amalga oshiruvchi subyektning likvidliligiga bog‘liq. Shu sababli, naqd pulsiz hisob-kitob shakllaridan foydalanish amaliyotiga ta’sir etuvchi omillarni о‘rganishda tijorat banklarining likvidliligiga baho berish va xо‘jalik yurituvchi subyektlarning likvidliligiga ta’sir etuvchi omillarni о‘rganish muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. Metodlar va metodologiya.I.Lavrushin ta’rifida tо‘lov instrumentlari vositasida amalga oshiriladigan hisob-kitoblar ham naqd pulsiz hisob-kitoblarga kiritiladi. Fikrimizcha, 15 RAQAMLI TRANSFORMATSIYA SHAROITIDA SUN’IY INTELLEKTNI RIVOJLANTIRISH VA ZAMONAVIY MATEMATIKANI O‘QITISH MUAMMOLARI VA YECHIMLARI O.I.Lavrushin tomonidan berilgan ta’rif naqd pulsiz hisob-kitoblarning mazmunini tо‘laroq ochib berishga xizmat qiladi. V.Usoskinning fikriga kо‘ra, cheklarning turlari ichida orderli cheklar (pay to the order), ularni indossament orqali, uchinchi shaxsga uzatishning mumkinligi bilan ajralib turadi [1]. A.Kosoyning xulosasiga kо‘ra, naqd pulsiz hisob-kitoblarni tashkil qilishda tо‘lovlarning ketma-ketligi prinsipi muhimо‘rin tutadiva bundaquyidagilarga e’tiborqaratish lozim bо‘ladi: -tо‘lovlarning maqsadli ketma-ketligidamulk egalarining huquqi buziladi; - tо‘lovlarning kalendar ketma-ketligi barcha turdagi tо‘lovlarning tengligini kо‘zda tutadi[2]. Ushbu tadqiqotning maqsadi milliy tо‘lov tizimlapining bapqapopligini ta’minlashning metodologik va amaliy acoclapini takomillashtipish, unda zamonaviy iqtisodiy tizimning ahamiyatini tahlil qilish, uni yanada rivojlantirish va shakllantirish yо‘nalishlarini aniqlashdir. Mavzuni ilmiy о‘rganish, statik tahlillar, mantiqiylik, tahlil va tadqiq etish jarayonida turli xil adabiyotlar vamaqolalar tahlilidan foydalanilgan. Natijalar va taxlillar.E’tirof etish joizki, iqtisodiyotdagi tо‘lovsizlik muammosi xо‘jalik yurituvchi subyektlarning likvidliligiga salbiy ta’sir kо‘rsatadi va buning natijasida naqd pulsiz hisob-kitob shakllaridan foydalanish amaliyotiga nisbatan salbiy ta’siryuzaga keladi. [3]. О‘zbekiston Respublikasi Davlat statistika qо‘mitasining rasmiy ma’lumotiga kо‘ra, 2019 yilning 1 dekabr holatiga kо‘ra, respublikamizda xо‘jalik yurituvchi subyektlar о‘rtasidagi debitor qarzdorlikning umumiy hajmi 93,1 trln. sо‘mni tashkil etdi, shuning 15,3 trln. sо‘mi muddati о‘tgan debitor qarzdorlik bо‘lib, u 2018 yilning shu davriga nisbatan 16,5 martaga kо‘pdir.[4] Xо‘jalik yurituvchi subyektlar о‘rtasida bu qadar katta miqdordagi debitor qarzdorlikning mavjudligi, fikrimizcha, О‘zbekiston Respublikasida iqtisodiyotining pul mablag‘lari bilan ta’minlanganlik darajasining past ekanligi bilan izohlanadi. 2021 yilning 1 yanvar holatiga kо‘ra, mamlakat iqtisodiyotining pul mablag‘lari bilan ta’minlanganlik darajasi atigi 18,5 foizni tashkil etdiHolbuki, tо‘lovsizlik muammosini hal qilish uchun ushbu kо‘rsatkich kamida 50% bо‘lishi kerak[5]. Xorijiy davlatlar tajribasi kо‘rsatadiki, iqtisodiyotning pul mablag‘lari bilan ta’minlanganlik darajasini oshirishda asosiy о‘rinni byudjet kanali va kredit kanali egalalydi. YA’ni, davlat byudjeti xarajatlarini kо‘paytirish va tijorat banklari tomonidan yuridik va jismoniy shaxslarga beriladigan kreditlar hajmini oshirish milliy iqtisodiyotning pul mablag‘lari bilan ta’minlanganlik darajasini oshirishdamuhim о‘rin tutadi. [6]. Shu о‘rinda qayd etish joizki, hozirgi davrda О‘zbekiston iqtisodiyotining pul mablag‘lari bilan ta’minlanganlik darajasini oshirishning har ikkala kanalidan foydalanish imkoniyati cheklangan. Buning sababi shundaki, birinchidan, mamlakatning Davlat byudjeti yirik miqdordagi defitsitga ega. 2020 yilning 1 o