GENERAL INFORMATION ON FLOODS AND FLOODS, THEIR DESCRIPTION AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES

Аннотация

Due to the geographical location of our country, the probability of occurrence of hydrometeorological emergencies remains very high. In particular, analyses show that the occurrence of mudflows and floods is increasing from year to year. This causes economic losses to the population and its material and spiritual wealth as a result of floods. In turn, this indicates theurgency of preparing the population for appropriate action in emergency situations associated withmudflows and floods. Keywords:mudflow, flood, danger, risk, floods, river, streams In our lives, we encounter many natural and man-made hazards and try to minimize the losses caused by them. Learning about safety at home and emergency procedures is the most sensible precautionary measure when living in areas with a high risk of natural disasters. First, we can determine the occurrence of one or another natural disaster in a particular area and then take measures toprevent it orreduce itsrisk [6]. In today's era of frequent natural disasters, it is extremely important for the population to have knowledge and skills about possible natural disasters, their characteristics, and methods of reducing thelosses they can cause [2]. Dangerous natural events cannot be stopped, but timely advance warning of them can reduce the scale of the disaster. The system of monitoring dangerous events helps to reduce the risk of disasters by preparing early warnings and providing information for responding to emergency situations. Among natural disasters, mudslides and floods are distinguished by the damage they cause to the material wealth of the population and economic objects. First, let's dwell on the causes of mudslidesandfloods. A mudslide is a stream of water flowing down a mountain, accompanied by large amounts of rocks, sand, and soil, in rivers and streams. It can occur during regular rainstorms, melting mountainsnows, and othersituations [8]. Research methodology. In mountainous areas, heavy rainfall, rapid melting of glaciers and snow, and theremoval of mountain rocks from theslopes of the mountains bythe flowof water to the plains is called a mudslide. Approximately 50-60% of the mudslide mass consists of rock fragments of various sizes, plant and tree fragments. The duration of the mudslide is often from 0.5-2 hours to 12 hours, the speed can be from 5-8 m/s to 12 m/s, and the density of the mudslidemass is 1.2-1.9 t/m3 [4]. https://ijmri.de/index.php/jmsi volume 4,issue6,2025 359 Thespeed ofmudflows can bedivided into 3groups: very fast (movement ofmore than 100thousand m3 ofmudflowmass, once every6-10 years); average (from 10to 100thousand m3, onceevery 2-3years); weak (less than 10thousand m3)[5]. A stream with such physical parameters is very powerful, causing significant damage to economic sectors, destroying water structures, roads, villages and cities, gardens, bridges, and burying vast areas with layers of mud, sand, and stones. Mudflowisan Arabic word that means aflood inmountainous areas [3]. Mudflows are divided intothree groups depending onthesizeof thesolidparticles they carry: •water-stonemudflows; •mudflows; •mixedmudflows [8]. The most powerful mudflows in Central Asia were observed in the valley of the river named after thecity ofAlmaty, Kazakhstan. Figure 1.Areas inour country where flood risk may occur The most powerful mudflows in Central Asia were observed in the valley of the river named after the city of Almaty, Kazakhstan. For example, on the evening of June 8, 1921, a mudflow swept through the city, carrying 100,000 wagons of rock. More than 400 people died as a result of this disaster. The mudflow was caused by the melting of snow and glaciers in mountainous areas andheavy rainfall [4]. The mountainous regions of the Tashkent, Kashkadarya, Surkhandarya, and Fergana regions of theRepublicofUzbekistan are considered tobezones proneto mudflow disasters [3]. Over the past 100 years, more than 2,500 mudflows have been observed in the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Of these, more than 1,400 were mudflows, more than 350 were water- https://ijmri.de/index.php/jmsi volume 4,issue6,2025 360 rock floods, and more than 650 were mixed mudflows [5]. In the Fergana Valley of our republic, in the pre-Tashkent regions, mudflows are often observed. Mudflows occur in the territory of our republic in the spring and the first month of summer. The main factors are the natural conditions of the region where our territory is located, such as strong hail, rains in the spring months, warming temperatures, rapid melting of glaciers and snow in the mountains, the slope of the river basin is 3-50 meters, and the presence of loose mountain rocks in the catchment area, theparticles ofwhich are notconnected [7]. Result. Floods are also considered the most dangerous natural disasters. Floods are defined as the occurrence of land in certain areas under water as a result of a sharp rise in the water level inrivers, lakes, and reservoirs. Variousfactors c