Architectural Models for Integration of Mining Installations into Existing IoT‑Controlled HVAC Systems

Аннотация

This paper examines an architectural model VOLUME Vol.07 Issue 07 2025 for integrating mining installations into existing building CITATION HVAC systems and urban district heating networks using Alexander Shotov. (2025). Architectural Models for Integration of Mining IoT control. The relevance of the study is justified by the Installations into Existing IoT‑Controlled HVAC Systems. The American rapid growth in the share of low‑grade heat from server Journal of Engineering and Technology, 7(07), 150–158. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajet/Volume07Issue07-14 farms and mining centers in the overall energy consumption balance. The objectives are to develop a COPYRIGHT © 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms comprehensive five‑level architecture for connecting of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License. computational modules to low‑temperature loops; to perform a comparative analysis of three basic schemes (by‑pass, series‑loop, and hybrid‑grid) in terms of PUE and heat utilization factor; and to formulate IoT algorithms for dynamic balancing between computational load and the needs of heat receivers. The novelty of the paper lies in unifying technical, economic, regulatory, and cybernetic aspects into a single model: for the first time, a five‑layer integration structure is proposed—from retrofit of heat‑exchange loops to an edge + cloud platform and interfaces with BMS/SCADA; the advantages of immersion cooling for direct connection to heating systems at temperatures up to 60 °C are demonstrated; predictive algorithms based on LightGBM for forecasting thermal load and dynamically controlling the hash rate are described; and recommendations are given for minimizing financial, technological, and informational risks at all levels of the architecture. The main findings show that, for mining power up to 30 % of the building’s heat demand, the optimal scheme is the by‑pass with minimal intervention in existing engineering networks; when heat power is comparable to the object’s load, it is more advantageous to apply the series‑loop with immersion cooling, yielding The American Journal of Engineering and Technology 150 https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajet up to 98 % savings on mechanical chillers. For district exchangers and managed by the same IoT controllers networks, the hybrid‑grid topology with buffer that govern the rest of the building’s engineering accumulators and complex flow distribution is systems. preferable. OPC UA and MQTT are brought together for Mining farms, in particular, offer exceptionally high assured telemetry. Digital twins and demand-response heat‑flux density. At the network scale, this provides a programs bring energy efficiency and equipment notable contribution: Bitcoin mining consumption was reliability. Multi-level OT security, combined with estimated by the IEA to be 110 TWh in 2022, twenty support for financial hedging instruments, ensures times the 2016 level (IEA, 2023). Such concentrated assured resilience against both cyberattacks and crypto- boilers are well-suited for liquid cooling: immersion market volatility. Such a paper would be of interest to baths or coolant loops can feed radiator circuits directly, engineers designing building heating, cooling, and eliminating the need for high-lift heat pumps. A pilot in ventilation systems; data center energy efficiency Finland’s Satakunta region demonstrated that even a 2 specialists; as well as IoT solution developers for thermal MW installation can supply heat to approximately process management. 11,000 residents via the local district heating system Keywords: integration of mining installations; HVAC; IoT (Gooding, 2024). control; immersion cooling; digital twin; thermal load Thus, excess heat from IT equipment—especially crypto- optimization; by‑pass; series‑loop; hybrid‑grid; OPC UA; mining—ceases to be a passive byproduct and becomes MQTT; PUE; heat utilization factor; cyber‑physical an active element in low-carbon building architecture. security The following sections will examine how to select the Introduction appropriate integration scheme for incorporating heat into existing HVAC loops and which IoT algorithms to Over the past five to seven years, server infrastructure employ to balance computational load against heat has transformed from an invisible electricity consumer consumer requirements. into a significant source of low‑grade heat. According to the International Energy Agency, the total electricity Materials and Methodology consumption of global data centers, excluding mining, This section is based on an analysis of 24 sources, rose to 240–340 TWh in 2022, equivalent to including academic studies, industry reports, pilot approximately 1–1.5% of global generation. Meanwhile, project case studies, and regulatory documents. Among telecommunications networks added another 260–360 the works reviewed were global data‑center TWh (IEA, 2023). Recognizing the resource potential of cons