HYPOXIA AND THE BODY'S ADAPTATION MECHANISMS TO IT

Аннотация

Hypoxia (from the Greek hypo - under, below, oxii - oxygen, oxygen starvation) is a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the body or in individual organs and tissues. Hypoxia can occur when the inhaled air lacks oxygen for various reasons (for example, when climbing to a height, working underground, when foreign bodies are blocked in the respiratory tract, during bronchial spasm, and inother cases). Keywords:Hypoxia, unhealthy processes, oxygen, important elements, hypoxic hypoxia, hemic hypoxia, circulatory hypoxia, tissuehypoxia. Hypoxia is very common in our everyday life and is the basis of various unhealthy (pathological) processes. Depending on the degree of occurrence in the body, hypoxia can be acute, transient, and chronic. Hypoxia is an insufficient supply of oxygen to the tissues of the body. This process can occur as a result of disruption of various physiological and pathological processes. We know that oxygen is of great importance for the human body and is one of the most important elements necessary for life. It is precisely the lack of oxygen that negatively affects the functioning of many systems in the human body. Hypoxia is divided into the followingmain types according to its origin: 1.Hypoxichypoxia 2.Hemichypoxia 3.Circulatory hypoxia 4.Tissuehypoxia Hypoxic hypoxia is a type of hypoxia that develops as a result of a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the alveoli and a violation of the passage of oxygen through the blood to thetissues, resulting in a decrease in theamount of oxygen reaching thebody. Hypoxic hypoxia occurs in situations such as a decrease in atmospheric pressure, impaired ventilation, lung diseases, and a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. Hypoxic hypoxia can be dangerous forthebody. Hemic hypoxia is one of the types of hypoxia that occurs when the amount and quality of hemoglobin decreases. In this process, oxygen enters the blood through the lungs in sufficient quantities, but it occurs as a result of an insufficient amount of hemoglobin that performs thetransport function. Circulatory hypoxia is a type of hypoxia that occurs as a result of a sharp drop in blood pressure, slowing of heart function, and impaired blood circulation. In this type of hypoxia, there is a normal amount of oxygen in the blood, but it occurs as a result of an insufficient amountof oxygen reaching thetissues. Tissuehypoxiais apathological condition caused bydamage toenzymes involved in the respiratory process, and in this type of hypoxia, oxygen reaches the tissues from the lungs, but tissuecells are unable to absorb it. Thecause of this condition is various drugs with sideeffects, page474 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue07,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai poisoning with toxic substances (H2S, CN), and severe infectious diseases. This type of hypoxia is one of the most dangerous types of hypoxia. Oxygen deficiency in the body can manifest itselfthrough thefollowing symptoms:  rapid anddeep breathing;  rapid heartbeat;  general weakness, dizziness;  headache;  impaired visionand hearing;  theappearanceof bruises ontheskin and mucous membranes;  insevere cases, dangerous lungdiseases;  cardiovascular diseases;  can lead to long-term disability. The human body has a number of adaptation mechanisms to maintain survival during hypoxia, and thesemechanisms can beshort-term and long-term. Short-term adaptation mechanisms include increased respiration, i.e., activation of the respiratory center in response to oxygen deficiency in the body, and an increase in the flow of oxygen into the body. Increased cardiac activity, i.e., an increase in the number of heart contractions, accelerates thecirculatory system and provides sufficient oxygen tothe tissues.As a result of increased cardiac activity, the distribution of oxygenated blood in the blood vessels ofthebodyimproves. An example of long-term adaptation mechanisms is the increased synthesis of erythrocytes in the bone marrow as a result of the production of erythropoietin in the kidneys. This also increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. As a result of the formation of new capillary blood vessels and their increase in number, oxygen is supplied to the tissues over short distances. In organisms adapted to hypoxia, oxidative enzymes are activated, as a result of which the need for glucose increases. As a result of the accumulation of lactic acid, cell damage accelerates. The body protects itself in such hypoxic conditions through a number of adaptive mechanisms. When hypoxia persists for a long time and maladaptations develop, various pathological conditions can occur. Therefore, the study of hypoxia and its effects is of great importancein thefield ofhealth care. Hypoxia is a serious stress factor for the body, strongly affecting metabolic processes, energy production, respiration and t