Language contact

Аннотация

The linguistic systems are involved in language contact situations, it is supposed to analyze of lexical, morphological and syntactic borrowings which are acceptance of linguistic elements from one language to another. Key words: Lexical borrowing, Morphological borrowing, Syntactic borrowing, Calque words, language Contact, Loans As languages exist, they always change and evolve to reflect people’s changing lives and accommodate new ideas and technologies. These changes happen when languages in contact. While speakers of languages come into contact, they produce a variety of contact situations which can affect on the linguistic systems, linguistic outcome in contact and social intercourse of the speakers of the contact (Mihalicek & 124 Wilson, 2011). Once the linguistic systems are involved in language contact situations, it is supposed to analyze of lexical, morphological and syntactic borrowings which are acceptance of linguistic elements from one language to another. Lexical borrowing can be defined by loanwords and calques. Loans are words that are accepted from another language without any transformation. E.g.: Uzbek language adopted words maktab (school), ilm (knowledge), vatan (motherland) from Arabic after Arab invasion. Calque words usually are acquired through word-for-word translation. E.g.: Uzbek words dunyoqarash (worldview), muzyorar (icebreaker)are taken and translated from Russian words- mirovozrenie and ledokol. Morphological borrowing is defined by acquiring morphological elements or patterns under the impact of another language. E.g.: Tajik language lent many words such as tabiatshunos, zarshunos, gulzor,lolazorand etc. into Uzbek. Later, the affixes -shunos and -zor became productive and attached to non- Tajik roots such as til+shunos, uzum+zor, olma+zor. Syntactic borrowing is defined when the elements of syntactic structure are influenced by another language, changing word-order of native language. For example:Uzbek has a complementizer of the formki [ki]. This borrowing is from Persian. Normally, in Uzbek complementizers are head-final, however, ki is phrase-initial (Bowern, C.2008 p.205-206). E.g.: Uzbek: Men ishonaman+ki siz tilagingizga yetasiz English: I believe that you will reach your desire There are about 7.000 languages in the world, however, 10% of these languages are spoken by 90% of the world’s speakers. The phenomena of language endangerment usually takes place when speakers of that language make up small number of people or has minority status compared to some other language that it exists in one territory. E.g.: According to UNESCO’s Alas of endangered languages, Yaghnobi is listed on degree of more vulnerable languages which is at risk of extinction with speakers of 20.000 people (Guardian, 2011). This language is considered to be a direct descendant of Sogdian (Sogdian language is a dead language) and has often been called Neo-Sogdian in academic literature (Wikipedia, n.d.). Once the language loses its last native speaker, is called language death. E.g.: there is an ethnic group of people who call themselves Iranians in Samarkand. However, as I personally communicated with them, they do not know any Persian word. They speak Uzbek everywhere. As I concluded, their native language is disappeared during the course of years living in Central Asia. Reference 1. Mihalicek, V. & Wilson, C. (2011). Language contact. Language Files,p.486. The Ohio State University Press. Columbus 2. Bowern, C. (2008). Syntactic change and syntactic borrowing in generative grammar.p.205-206. Yale University. Retrieved 13 Jan 2019 from https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=Fe45AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA205&lpg=PA205&dq=syntactic +borrowing+in+uzbek+language&source=bl&ots=mRR0_QU8R7&sig=ACfU3U0OIVwk77cza AyMB9CQToXuTlk3hw&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7h4X- yIjnAhUs_CoKHZbYANQQ6AEwAXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=syntactic%20borrowing%20 in%20uzbek%20language&f=false 3. The Guardian, (2011).Endangered languages: the full list.Retrieved 13 Jan 2019 from https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered 4. Wikipedia, n.d.Yaghnobi people.Retrieved 13 Jan 2019 from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/yaghnobi_people 5. Ne’matullayevna, Z. N., Gulrux, H., Mirsaidovna, K. S., Nasimovich, H. H., & Furkatzoda, T. B. (2020). The Role Of Verbs, Types Of Verbs AS Well AS Lexical, Morphological, And Syntactic Characteristics Of Verbs In English Language. International Journal on Orange Technologies, 2(12), 57-60. 6. Мамаёкубова, Ш. (2019). Тилшуносликда гап бўлаклари ва синтактик алоқалар масалалари. Иностранная филология: язык, литература, образование, (2 (71)), 130-137. 7. Zubaydova, N. N. M. (2020). THE ROLE OF COUNTRY STUDIES IN TEACHING ENGLISH. Theoretical & Applied Science, (4), 310-312. 8. Mamasharifovich, N. B., Bakhtiyarovna, I. L., Oblakulovna, M. S., Mirsaidovna, K. S., & Mirzakarimovna, Y. D. Pragmatics and Its Role in Touristic Context. JournalNX, 392-394. 9. Зубайдова, Н. (2019). Стилистический