MODERN APPROACHES TO THE ALTERNATIVE USE OF TERMS AND LEXICAL UNITS FROM OTHER LANGUAGES IN ENGLISH

Аннотация

This article discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of identifying alternative expressions to terms and lexical units from other languages ​ ​ in spoken and written contexts in English, their correct use, and the use of modern translation strategies. The position of English as a global language and the possibilities of lexical adaptation are also analyzed. The article proposes modern approaches based on the use of cognitive linguistics, corpus linguistics, and neologism creation methods. Keywords: terminological alternative, linguistic adaptation, English, neologism, translation strategy, interlanguage interaction In the 21st century, English has become a global means of communication in the fields of science, technology, politics, and culture. At thesame time, thenumberofterms and lexical units introduced into English from other languages ​ ​ (especially French, German, Latin, Japanese, Russian and Arabic) is increasing. They are often adopted without translation or are used in adaptation to the English phonetic and morphological system (for example: tsunami, déjà vu, glasnost, hijab, entrepreneur). However, in some cases, these words are replaced by synonymous expressions or industry- specific terms existing in English. This situation is especially relevant in the fields of scientific translation, terminological standards, and computational linguistics. Therefore, in modern linguistic practice, there is a need for clear strategies on how to replace this imported lexicon withappropriate forms inEnglish. Source analysis: a list of terms of foreign origin was compiled from Google Scholar, COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English), Oxford English Dictionary (OED) and linguistic articles. Corpus approach: the frequency of real use of terms in English, context and synonymous variants were studied. Cognitive-translational analysis: equivalence, semantic transfer, and connotation differences were analyzed. Practical approach: paraphrasing, neologism creation, and adaptation methods were used to develop alternativeEnglishvariants. It was found that 65% of the more than 100 introductory words analyzed had contextual synonyms in English.For example: Asltermin (kirilgan)Tilmanbasi Inglizcha muqobili Yondashuv turi “Tsunami” Yapon tidalwave (archaic) semantik moslashuv “Glasnost” Rus openness/transparency parafraza “Déjà vu” Fransuz false memoryfeeling kognitiv ekvivalent “Intifada” Arab uprising/resistance kontekstual almashtirish “Sushi” Yapon rawfish rice rolls madaniy moslashuv These results show that the English language, in enriching its vocabulary, goes either by directly adoptingunits from other languages ​ ​ or byadapting them through semantic processing. https://ijmri.de/index.php/jmsi volume 4,issue6,2025 140 The open lexical system of the English language allows it to borrow words from other languages ​ ​ and adapt them to its internal morphological structure. However, in this process, linguists and translators must be careful when choosing alternative equivalents. The semantic load, cultural connotation and context ofsyntacticuse oftheword should always be taken into account. In thisregard, modern approaches offer thefollowing: Cognitive equivalent creation: transforming the main concept of the word into an understandable variant inEnglish (e.g., karma →moral consequence). Adaptation: phoneticand graphicassimilation(e.g., ballet, café). Paraphrase and synonymous substitution: English explanatory substitution for complex or culturally defined words. Neologism creation: if there is no clear alternative, develop a new English term (for example, email, infodemic). These approaches ensure the consistent development of the language and increase the accuracy oftranslations. The constant adaptation of modern English to social and technological developments makes it ready to adopt and rework terms and lexical units from other languages, deepening their assimilation. However, this process is not limited to phonetic or morphological adaptation alone. On the contrary, each lexical unit should be used in English based on the principles of semantic transparency, cultural relevance and contextual relevance. In this regard, the use of corpus linguistics tools in modern approaches is important in determining the real use of terms. For example, although words such as intifada or glasnost are directly adopted into English, their exact translation is expressed by options such as resistance, movement, openness, transparency, depending on the context. In this case, the translator and the author must make a choice: should the key term be preserved in its cultural nature or should it be replaced with auniversal variant that is understandabletothereader? In addition, when replacing the introductory lexicon in English with alternative words, two main problems arise forlanguage learners and translators: 1. Lack of denotative equivalence - sometimes terms in other languages ​ ​ do not have a word thatmeans exactlythe s