LINGUISTICS AS SCIENCE ABOUT LANGUAGE

Аннотация

Linguistics studies languages as defined code system adopted is a particular group of people for communication. In linguistics defined two levels of language learning: the mastery of correct speech, language subordi nate standards, and mastery of appropriate speech and communicative qualification. Currently, the practice is becoming increasingly common ability of the individual visual to communicate in two or more languages, which is becoming increasingly important in the life of society. Key words: linguistics; language; linguistic basis of language learning; language teaching methodology as a science. Linguistics is one of the most ancient sciences. Having separated from the animal world and having begun to recognize himself as a subject opposed to nature as an object of his practical and cognitive activity, man turned his attention to himself. The subject of his reflections became himself, namely his place in the universe, the secrets of his origin, his physical and mental properties, his ability to communicate with his own kind, language as the main means of such communication, various aspects of the linguistic phenomenon. The term "linguistics" is derived from the French word linguistique (lingua - "language"). It is a science about language, studying its many aspects: text linguistics, applied linguistics, mathematical, descriptive. Linguistics studies not only existing (existing or possible in the future) languages, but also human language in general. In the broad sense of the word, linguistics is divided into scientific, i.e., presupposing the construction of linguistic theories, and practical. Most often, scientific linguistics is implied by linguistics. Theoretical linguistics studies the laws of language and formulates them as theories. It can be descriptive (describing real speech) and normative (indicating how one “should” speak and write). 598 “JOURNAL OF SCIENCE-INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN UZBEKISTAN” JURNALI VOLUME 03, ISSUE 06, 2025. JUNE ResearchBib Impact Factor: 9.654/2024 ISSN 2992-8869 Linguistics includes observation; recording and description of speech facts; putting forward hypotheses to explain these facts; formulating hypotheses in the form of theories and models describing language; their experimental verification and refutation; forecasting speech behavior. Explanation of facts can be internal (through linguistic facts) or external (through physiological, psychological, logical or social facts). One of the most important concepts of modern linguistics is the concept of units of language: word, sentence, phrase, syllable, phoneme, etc. Linguistics is divided into sections according to different aspects of its subject: grammar (studies and describes the structure of words and word inflection, types of phrases and types of sentences); − graphics (investigates the relationships between letters and signs); − lexicology (studies the vocabulary of a language, or lexicon); − morphology (rules for constructing nominative units (word forms) from the simplest significative units (morphemes) and, conversely, dividing word forms into morphemes); − onomastics (studies proper names, the history of their origin and transformation as a result of long-term use in the source language or in connection with borrowing from other languages of communication); − orthography (spelling, a system of rules that determine the uniformity of methods of conveying speech in writing); − pragmatics (studies the conditions under which speakers use linguistic signs); − semantics (the semantic side of language); − semiotics (studies the properties of sign systems); − stylistics (studies the various expressive possibilities of language); − phonetics (studies the features of speech sounds); − phonology (studies the structure of the sound system of language and the functioning of sounds in the language system); − phraseology (studies stable turns of speech); − etymology (studies the origin of words). Therefore, linguistics is a science that studies language. It provides information about what distinguishes language from other phenomena of reality, what its elements and units are, how changes occur in language. 599 “JOURNAL OF SCIENCE-INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN UZBEKISTAN” JURNALI VOLUME 03, ISSUE 06, 2025. JUNE ResearchBib Impact Factor: 9.654/2024 ISSN 2992-8869 Linguistic foundations of language teaching Language, considered as a means of communication, is a complex phenomenon in which various aspects can be distinguished. Thus, F. de Saussure distinguished between linguistic activity, an integral part of which is language, i.e. a system of signs that combine meaning and acoustic image, and speech, which he considered an individual act of will and understanding. L.V. Shcherba distinguished three aspects of language: speech, by which he understood the process of speaking and understanding; language, i.e. grammatical and lexical rules; linguistic material, i.e. the sum of individual acts of speaking and understanding, continuing