I sho’ba badiiy matnning stilistik tahlili, yechim va muammolari

Аннотация

The Victorian era was one of Britain’s most fascinating periods. From hardships to triumphs, mass movements to individual accomplishments, the age was characterized by rapid change and developments in nearly every area – social, industrial, technological, medical, scientific, and cultural. Victorian Literature is the literature produced during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901) A.D. During this time, England was undergoing a tremendous cultural upheaval; the accepted forms of literature, art and music had undergone a radical change. Key words: The Victorian age, “Oxford Movement”, A maelstrom, Darwin’s theories, Herbert Spencer. Needless to say, the Victorian Age takes its name from the long reign of Queen Victoria that lasted 64 years from 1837 to 1901. She was only eighteen when she came to the throne and although she was never very much involved in the rule of the country relying for the most part on her statesmen she did indeed provide Britain with a steady moral guide and soon became a model for her people to follow and admire because of her reserved and respectful family life style. In 1840 she married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg- Gotha with whom she had nine children. As already stated the Victorian Age was also a time of numerous scientific inventions many of which improved everyday life, although in some cases, they meant great sacrifices and hardships for the less fortunate population. The scientific discoveries that date back to this time developed a new way of thinking that, was at first, much debated due to the controversies that it brought about, it is in fact also defined as the age of contradictions [3, 12-13]. One of the most important changes was brought about by the London Underground, built in 1854. The railway system allowed travelers to reach all parts of the country thus changing habits and scenery. It was extremely useful to transport all sorts of goods throughout the country, for the first time in history, for instance, perishable food was shipped in trains thanks to a mechanical cooler that preserved even fresh milk during the journeys from the countryside to the cities, the same happened with meat that could reach London from the distant Aberdeen in Scotland. It also proved advantageous for communication too, the printing industry which in the many time had undergone mechanization could decrease the prices of books, magazines and newspapers – thanks to the train through which it shipped ever increasing loads of copies all over the country and beyond – this major change satisfied the population’s growing need to be informed about all the changes that were taking place and about the increasing spread of knowledge. The Time, just to give an idea, in 1851 cost 4 pence and sold 40,000 copies, whereas by 1861 it cost 3 pence – the introduction of advertising also contributed to lowering its price and increasing its circulation – while the copies sold went up to 70, 000 units. Reading, thus, began to entertain and not only inform a growing literate population and this also meant a flourishing of new literary genres, especially a variety of different types of novels. But the train also meant that the middle-class could move to suburbs and commute to the city for working purposes, moreover it also developed a higher amount of travel for leisure eventually encouraging mass tourism [7, 64]. Industrialization also meant that Britain’s population had become well accustomed to cheap mass manufactured goods imported from the colonies or other countries, furthermore Britain controlled almost half of the world’s trade since masses of the world’s goods were transported on its merchant fleets and it had an incredibly world widespread market where to sell its products thanks to its many colonies of its vast Empire. The basis of its growing economy was made up of transport, coal, iron and steel. Yet, new materials such as rubber, aluminum, petroleum and celluloid were also being produced by Germany and the United States which began to compete with Britain on a large scale underlining the need for free trade to favor its biggest manufacturers. These consistent economic and industrial developments brought Britain to get involved in international affairs, especially those regarding increasing military conflicts, so she supported the Italian independence war against Austria, but never to the point of jeopardizing the balance of order. She also fought the Crimean War (1853-56) to hamper Russia’s growing supremacy over the crumbling Turkish Empire. Finally, she insisted on Opium trade with China thus forcing the Far East to open a largely profiting trading activity with Britain [6, 192-218]. 3 The faith in unrelenting progress and the belief according to which the world was set up in an orderly manner all to the advantage of the white and prosperous individuals characterized by a clean-cut definition of right and wrong, or, to use a symbolic expression, white and black, began to shake thanks to the ne