TIJORAT BANKLARIDA VALYUTA RISKLARINI BOSHQARISH (“KAPITALBANK” ATB MISOLIDA)

Аннотация

The sustainable development of the banking system in the country largely depends on the ability of commercial banks to effectively manage financial risks, especially currency risks. Against the background of global economic integration processes, cross-border financial transactions and increasing foreign investments, currency risks have become a pressing issue for the banking system of Uzbekistan. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the types of currency risks that arise in commercial banks, the causes of their occurrence and their impact on financial stability. The study is conducted on the example of JSCB "Kapitalbank" and analyzes the level of currency risks based on changes in the structure of assets and liabilities in foreign currency for the period 2020-2024. The article assesses the bank's open currency position, the dynamics of its change and the financial consequences of this position in the form of profit or loss arising from the exchange rate difference. It also examines the methods of reducing currency risk used by JSCB "Kapitalbank" - hedging strategies, risk limitation, portfolio diversification and internal control mechanisms. Based on a comparative analysis with best practices in international practice, recommendations are developed to 4 96 International scientific journal ISSN: 2181-3906 «MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH» 2025 VOLUME 4 / ISSUE 7 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ improve the effectiveness of currency risk management in commercial banks of Uzbekistan. The results of this study are of practical importance in increasing the stability of commercial banks in relation to currency risk, identifying risks in advance and minimizing their negative consequences. Keywords: currency risk, commercial bank, open currency position, risk management, hedging strategies, JSCB "Kapitalbank", exchange rate fluctuations, financial stability, asset- liability mismatch, derivative instruments, bank risks, international experience, currency policy, Central Bank standards, risk monitoring system. Kirish: Bozor iqtisodiyoti sharoitida faoliyat yuritayotgan tijorat banklari turli xil moliyaviy xavf-xatarlar, jumladan valyuta risklari bilan doimiy ravishda to‘qnash keladi. Valyuta riski – bu milliy valyutaning xorijiy valyatalarga nisbatan almashuv kursi o‘zgarishi natijasida bankning moliyaviy holatiga salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatishi mumkin bo‘lgan xavf turi hisoblanadi. Bugungi kunda O‘zbekiston Respublikasi iqtisodiyotining ochiqligi ortib borayotgani, eksport-import hajmlarining kengayishi, xorijiy investitsiyalarning ko‘payishi bank tizimi oldida valyuta risklarini samarali boshqarish zaruratini kuchaytirmoqda. Valyuta risklari asosan bank balansida xorijiy valyutada ifodalangan aktiv va majburiyatlar o‘rtasidagi nomutanosiblik, valyuta kurslarining beqarorligi hamda xalqaro moliyaviy bitimlar bilan bog‘liq tavakkalchiliklar tufayli yuzaga keladi. Bu esa banklarning nafaqat rentabelligiga, balki ularning likvidligi va kapital yetarliligiga ham salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatadi. Shunday sharoitda banklar o‘z faoliyatida zamonaviy risklarni boshqarish vositalaridan, jumladan, xedjing, valyuta pozitsiyasini limitlash, derivativ instrumentlardan samarali foydalanishlari lozim. Mavzuga oid adabiyotlar sharhi. Tijorat banklarida valyuta risklarini boshqarish masalasi zamonaviy moliyaviy menejmentning eng dolzarb yo‘nalishlaridan biri hisoblanadi. Bu borada o‘zbek olimlari hamda xalqaro tadqiqotchilar tomonidan olib borilgan ilmiy ishlar ushbu yo‘nalishda chuqur tahliliy yondashuvni shakllantirishga xizmat qilmoqda. Xasanov B.B. (2022) o‘zining “Valyuta risklari va ularni bank tizimida boshqarish masalalari” nomli ishida tijorat banklarining ochiq valyuta pozitsiyasi hamda uning bank rentabelligiga ta’sirini chuqur tahlil qiladi. Muallif milliy bank tizimidagi valyuta balansining nomutanosibliklarini aniqlash, ularni bashoratlash va ushbu nomutanosibliklarning xavf omili sifatidagi roliga alohida urg‘u beradi. Tadqiqotda asosiy e’tibor ochiq pozitsiyani samarali boshqarish mexanizmlariga qaratilgan bo‘lib, banklarning valyuta yo‘qotishlariga barham berish yo‘llari ko‘rsatib o‘tiladi. Murodova M.S. (2021) esa o‘z tadqiqotida O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Markaziy banki tomonidan joriy etilgan me’yoriy talablar asosida tijorat banklarining valyuta riskiga nisbatan shakllantirilgan qarshi strategiyalarini o‘rganadi. Muallif milliy bank tizimida xedjing instrumentlarini joriy etishning huquqiy, amaliy va texnik asoslarini tahlil qilib, xorijiy tajribani milliy sharoitga moslashtirish zarurligini ta’kidlaydi. Xususan, forward va swap bitimlaridan foydalanish bo‘yicha tavsiyalar muhim ahamiyatga ega. Rossiyalik olima Ivanova E.N. (2020) “Tijorat banklarida valyuta xatarlarini tahlil qilish va boshqarish” nomli ishida valyuta riskining turlari, ularning yuzaga kelish sabablari va oldini olish choralarini yoritadi. 4 97 International scientific journal ISSN: 2181-3906 «MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH» 2025 VOLUME 4 / ISSUE 7 / UIF:8