AIR POLLUTION AND ITS ANALYSIS IN TASHKENT AND NAVOIY CITIES DURING 1995–2010

Аннотация

This scientific article provides information about the changes in the atmospheric composition of Navoi city in 2015, including variations in gas concentrations and general levels of air pollution. The article also extensively analyzes instances where harmful gases exceeded permissiblelimits, highlighting theirpotential impact onhuman health and theenvironment. Keywords: Navoi city, atmosphere, air pollutants, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia, phenol. In recent years, environmental issues—particularly air pollution—have become urgent problems in various regions of Uzbekistan. This situation has worsened in some provinces due to the influence of large industrial enterprises and natural-geographical conditions. The Navoi region is not exempt from these environmental challenges. Industrial enterprises located in this area, especially the "Navoiyazot" Joint Stock Company, lime production plants, and other sources, emit large amounts of harmful substances into the air, posing serious threats to both human health and the environment. In daily life, the deterioration of air quality is becoming increasingly evident through thepresence ofcoal smoke, dust,and otherpollutants. Therefore, this article analyzes the main causes of air pollution in the Navoi region, its impact on human health, and the measures aimed at reducing the problem. Within the scope of the study, the annual concentration of gases in the atmosphere was analyzed. The main sources of air pollution in the city are industrial enterprises and vehicles. Among the pollutants released by industrial facilities are dust, sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), ozone (O₃), phenol, and ammonia. These substances degrade air quality and harm the environment.Dust consists of very fine solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. Dust particles can penetrate deep into the human respiratory tract, causing irritation, bronchitis, asthma, and other respiratory diseases. Long-term exposure to dust is also harmful to the cardiovascular system and increases the risk of illness. In addition, dust reduces visibility and decreases the amount of sunlight reaching the ground.Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) is a colorless gas with a pungent odor, mainly produced by industrial enterprises and during the combustion of coal or petroleum products. This gas irritates the respiratory tract, thereby aggravating bronchitis and asthma. In the environment, sulfur dioxidecontributes to the formation of acid rain, which damages plants, aquatic organisms, and buildings.Nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) are gases mainly emitted from vehicles and industrial processes. They inflame the respiratory system and worsen allergic reactions. In the atmosphere, nitrogen oxides contribute to acid rain and the formation of ground-level ozone, intensifying pollution and the greenhouse effect.Ozone (O₃) exists in two layers: in the upper stratosphere, it protects living organisms from harmful ultraviolet radiation. However, in the lower troposphere near the Earth’s surface, ozone acts as a pollutant. Tropospheric ozone harms the respiratory system, exacerbates asthma and other lung diseases, slows plant growth, and negatively affects agricultural productivity.Phenol is a toxic chemical substance often released into the air from industrial waste. Phenol irritates human skin 976 INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT SJIF2019:5.2222020:5.5522021:5.6372022:5.4792023:6.5632024:7,805 eISSN:2394-6334 https://www.ijmrd.in/index.php/imjrd Volume12,issue05(2025) and eyes, and at high concentrations, can cause poisoning. It also harms microorganisms in water and soil, disrupting ecosystem balance.Ammonia (NH₃) is a colorless gas with a strong odor, mainly produced by agricultural activities, fertilizer usage, and animal waste. Ammonia causes irritation oftherespiratory tract and eyes, and at high concentrations,can lead to poisoning. Table1.Monthly Average Composition ofAtmospheric Airin Navoi City in 2015 Average Monthly Concentration (mg/m³) No Months Dus Sulfur Carbo Nitr Nitrogen Phe- Ammonia Ozon t dioxide n ogen oxide, nol e monoxi dio- -de xide 1 January 0.0 0.002 1 0.04 0.04 0.001 0.04 - 2 February 0.1 0.002 1 0.04 0.03 0.003 0.03 - 3 March 0.1 0.002 1 0.04 0.03 0.002 0.02 - 4 April 0.1 0.002 1 0.04 0.04 0.001 0.03 0.016 5 May 0.1 0.002 1 0.04 0.04 0.001 0.02 0.018 6 June 0.1 0.003 1 0.06 0.05 0.002 0.04 0.015 7 July 0.1 0.003 2 0.06 0.06 0.002 0.04 0.018 8 August 0.1 0.003 1 0.06 0.05 0.002 0.04 0.017 9 September 0.1 0.002 1 0.06 0.05 0.001 0.03 0.019 10 October 0.1 0.002 1 0.05 0.04 0.001 0.02 0.012 11 November 0.1 0.002 0 0.04 0.04 0.001 0.03 - 12 December 0.1 0.002 1 0.05 0.04 0.001 0.03 - Annual 0.09 0.0022 1 0.04 0.0425 0.001 0.031 0.009 Average 1 8 5 6 According todata observed in 2015, the monthly concentration of dust particles in theatmosphere was recorded at approximately 0.1 g/m³, with the amount of dust particles reaching zero in January. The concentration