THE MAIN RULES, PROCEDURES AND OBLIGATIONS GOVERNING ACCESSION TO THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION.

Аннотация

This topic analyzes the importance of the role of shareholders and the supervisory board in the management of corporations. The proper use of shareholders' voting rights allows the supervisory board to improve corporate governance by monitoring management, and their accountability is also important in the management of corporations. The independence and impartiality of the supervisory board are shown to be important in increasing the transparency and accountability of company management. The rights of shareholders to the company's profits and their ability to influence management through voting rights are discussed. The ability of shareholders to influence the company's strategy through voting rights and the ability of the supervisory board to improve corporate governance through monitoring of management are presented as advantages. However, the focus of shareholders on short- term interests and the lack of direct involvement of the supervisory board in the management of the company are presented as disadvantages. Key words: Ordinary shareholders, preferred shareholders, accumulated, non- accumulated, participating, non- participating, irredeemable, convertible, non- convertible, liquidity, limited liability, limited influence, information asymmetry, market risk, resistance to change. https://scientific-jl.org/obr Выпуск журнала №-70 237 Часть–4_ Мая –2025 ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ 2181- 3187 Introduction: In modern business, shareholders and their supervisory board play an important role in the management of corporations. Shareholders, as owners of the company, have a role in ensuring the effectiveness of their investments and investments and in influencing the management strategy. The supervisory board, on the other hand, is a group of independent individuals elected by the shareholders and is responsible for ensuring the transparency and accountability of the company's management. This article mainly analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of shareholders and the supervisory board. The disadvantages are that shareholders focus on short-term interests and the supervisory board does not directly interfere in the management of the company. The advantages are that shareholders can influence the company's strategy through voting rights and improve corporate governance by monitoring the management of the supervisory board. This article concludes with recommendations for the effective and high-quality functioning of shareholders and the supervisory board. It is emphasized that the independence and impartiality of the supervisory board, as well as the transparency and accountability of management, and the proper exercise of shareholders' voting and other rights, are important in corporate governance. Main part: What is a share and its types: 1. The role and importance of shareholders: Shareholders are the entities that own shares of a company and provide the capital of the company. The main goal of shareholders is to receive high returns from the successful business activities of the company. Shareholders are mainly divided into two types: • 1. Ordinary shareholders: • 2. Preferred shareholders: • A share is a share of a company's total capital divided into a number of units of fixed value, each such unit is called a share. https://scientific-jl.org/obr Выпуск журнала №-70 238 Часть–4_ Мая –2025 ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ 2181- 3187 • 1. Preferred shares are shares that have preferential rights over other types of shares in the event of division of the company during its existence and the return of capital in the event of its liquidation. The owners of these shares receive a fixed amount of dividends before other types of shareholders receive anything. • Different types of preferred shares • Accumulated preferred shares: these are shares whose owners have the right to receive debts for dividends not paid to them due to the lack of profit in previous years. If the preferred shares are cumulative, the dividends paid are accumulated and cannot be paid in the future. • Non-cumulative preference shares: These are shares whose holders are not liable for dividends. • Participating preference shares: These are shares whose holders are entitled to participate in the surplus profits of the company in addition to a fixed dividend rate and also to participate in the surplus assets of the company in the event of its liquidation, except for the return of its capital. • Non-participating preference shares: These are shares that are redeemable only at a fixed rate of dividend and only with the return of the capital contributed by the shareholders before any dividends are paid. • Redeemable preference shares: These are shares that are required to be redeemed (paid) by the company on or after a specified period. • Irredeemable preference shares: These are shares that cannot be redeemed until the company is liquidated. • Convertible preference shares: These are shares that can be converted