YAPON TILI VA O’ZBEK TILIDAGI HURMAT SHAKLLARI QIYOSIY TAHLILI

Аннотация

Every society in the world has its own identity, which includes aspects such as the cultural life of the people and the communication between people in the society. In this regard, the spoken speech of the Japanese and Uzbek peoples is also considered the identity of these peoples, and studying them allows us to have a better understanding of the communication culture of the two peoples. This article provides a detailed explanation of the long- established Japanese language 敬語 けいご-keigo, that is, the form of respect, and the methods of expressing respect in the Uzbek people, and compares and highlights the similar aspects of the two peoples and two different cultures. Keywords: keigo, Japanese, Uzbek, people, culture, style of speech, sonkeigo, kenjougo, teineigo Yaponlar orasida qadimdan ijtimoiy pog'onaga e'tibor kuchli bo'lgan va hozir ham davom etmoqda. Buni insonlarning nutq jarayonidagi yoshi, kim ekanligi va vaziyati taqazosida muamala qilinishining farqlanishi va bu farq shunchaki farq emas balki buning uchun alohida so'zlardan foydalanilishidan ham bilish mumkin.Bunda 敬語けいご keigo (xushmuomalalik iboralari) dan foydalaniladi.1 Xushmuomalalikning 3 xil shakli mavjud bo'lib, ulardan so'zlovchi va suhbatdosh yoki 3-shaxs o'rtasidagi o'zaro munosabatlardan kelib chiqqan holda foydalaniladi. けいご ni qo'llashning 3 asosiy holatlari mavjud: 1.Agar so'zlovchi suhbatdoshidan kichikroq yoki ijtimoiy mavqeyi pastroq bo'lsa; 1 Suzuki, T. (2005). Japanese Honorifics and Social Hierarchy. Tokyo: Tokyo University Press. 25 Jоurnаl оf Аnаlyticаl Synergy аnd Scientific Hоrizоn ISSN: 3060-5261 Impаct fаktоr: 9.9 Vоlume 1, Issue 5, Series А 2025 2.Agar so'zlovchi o'z suhbatdoshi bilan notanish va birinchi bor ko'rishib turgan bo'lsa ; 3.shuningdek うちーそと(uchi-soto) ichkari va tashqari munosabatlariga ham e'tiborli bo'lishi lozim.So'zlovchi mansub bo'lgan ijtimoiy guruh うち uchi ya'ni uy/ichkari ,boshqa guruh ーそとsoto ya'ni tashqari tarzida tushuniladi. Agar so'zlovchi うちの人 uchinohito ichkari yoki oila vakili bo'lgan shaxsning bajargan ish-harakatini そとの人sotonohito tashqari odamiga nisbattan qo'llamoqchi bo'lsa , hattoki o'zi mansub bo'lgan guruh vakili o'zidan katta yoki yuqori martabali shaxs bo'lsa ham, xuddi o'ziga nisbatan qo'llaydigan kamtarinlik shaklidan foydalanishi mumkin. 敬語けいご keigo turlari: 1.尊敬語そんけいご sonkeigo(hurmat shakli) 2.謙譲語けんじょうご kenjougo(kamtarinlik shakli) 3.丁寧語ていねいご teineigo(xushmuomalalik shakli) 尊敬語そんけいご sonkeigo hurmat shakli hisoblanib unda fe’llarning maxsus shaklidan foydalaniladi. Misol; 言います (iimasu) — aytaman → おっし ゃいます (osshaimasu) — aytmoq (hurmat bilan) . Rahbar, o‘qituvchi, mijoz kabi mavqei yuqori shaxs haqida gapirganda qo’llaniladi.Bundan tashqari ot,sifat va ravish oldidan お(o’) yoki ご(go’) ni qo’llab maxsus hurmat shakli mavjud bo’lmagan so’zlarning hurmat shaklini yasash mumkin. 謙譲語けんじょうご kenjougo(kamtarinlik shakli) da o’z harakatlaringizni mijoz, mehmon, yuqori martabali shaxs oldida pastga olishda ishlatiladi. Ushbu kamtarinlik shaklida ham fe’llarning maxsus shakllari mavjud.Masalan; 言います (iimasu) — aytaman → 申 します (moushimasu) — aytaman (kamtarlik bilan). 丁寧語ていねいご 26 Jоurnаl оf Аnаlyticаl Synergy аnd Scientific Hоrizоn ISSN: 3060-5261 Impаct fаktоr: 9.9 Vоlume 1, Issue 5, Series А 2025 teineigo(xushmuomalalik shakli) Oddiy hurmat shakli boʻlib, har qanday rasmiy va kundalik vaziyatda qo‘llanilishi mumkin.Misol:行 く (iku) — boraman → 行きます (ikimasu) — boraman (odob bilan); きれい (kirei) — chiroyli → きれいです (kirei desu) — chiroyli (muloyim shaklda): Tanish boʻlmagan shaxslar, mehmonlar bilan yoki umumiy suhbatlarda qo’llaniladi2 Umumiy qilib aytganda: Sonkeigo — boshqa odamni hurmat qilish. Kenjougo — o‘z harakatingizni pastga olib gapirish Teineigo — oddiy muloyimlikning ifodasi hisoblanadi3 O’zbek tilidagi hurmatlilik shakllari. O’zbek tili va madaniyatida ham jamiyatda bir-birini hurmatlash, ezozlash muhim jihat hisoblanadi. Bunda muloqot jarayonida sizlash, so’zlar so’nggida lar qo’shib ifodalash imkoni mavjud. Nafaqat o’zidan kattalar,ustoz-murabbiylar, keksalarga va ota-onalarga nisbatan balki o’zidan kichik bo’lgan yoshdagi shaxslar va o’zi bilan tengqur bo’lgan kishilarga murojaatda ham ishlatiladi. 4 Masalan; kel (oddiy buyruq shaklda) _ keling( hurmat ma’noda) Bundan tashqari ba’zi bir so’zlarni hurmat yuklab murojaat qilishda ham ishlatish mumkin: taqsir,janob kabi holatlarda ham sizlab gapirilsa maqsadga muvofiq bo’ladi. Bundan ko’rinib turibdiki o’zbek tilidagi sizlash juda muhim o’ringa ega . Bu orqali kishilar o’zlarining kamtarin muomalasini saqlashadi, kishilarga hurmatini namoyon qiladi va xuddi shunday o’zlarining hurmat- 2 Japan Foundation. (2020). Introduction to Keigo. 3 Ishikawa, Y. (2010). Sociolinguistic Politeness in Japanese. London: Routledge. 4 “O‘zbek tilida muomala madaniyati”, www.ziyouz.uz, 2022-yil. https://ziyouz.uz/ilm-va-fan/til-va- adabiyot/ozbek-tilida-muamala-madaniyati/ 27 Jоurnаl оf Аnаlyticаl Synergy аnd Scientific Hоrizоn ISSN: 3060-5261 Im