Analysis of Residential Facades in Uzbekistan In The 19th – Early 20th Centuries: Regional Features and Artistic Techniques

Аннотация

This article presents a comparative analysis of residential facades in Uzbekistan from the 19th and early 20th centuries, focusing on the distinctive features and decorative techniques of the main regional architectural schools. Using case studies such as the House of Kh. Kamolov (Bukhara), the House of T. Khudaykulov (Shakhrisabz), the House of A. Zubaydov (Samarkand), and others, the study identifies key morphological, compositional, and ornamental characteristics of facades. The research reveals how local traditions, climatic conditions, and social customs influenced facade design—resulting in a rich diversity of forms and artistic solutions. Despite variations, the facades of traditional Uzbek houses demonstrate a common aspiration for harmony between interior space and external expression, forming a core aspect of the national architectural heritage. Keywords: Uzbekistan, residential architecture, facade analysis, regional schools, Bukhara, Samarkand, Tashkent, Fergana, Khorezm, decorative techniques, 19th century, early 20th century, aiwan, ganch, wood carving, traditional housing. Introduction: The architectural heritage of Uzbekistan from the 19th and early 20th centuries reflects a unique blend of regional traditions and indigenous construction techniques. Among various types of traditional architecture, the facades of residential houses are of particular interest, as they not only form the urban and Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals 74 https://eipublication.com/index.php/jsshrf 9 Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals rural landscape but also embody cultural, social, and Tashkent School (House of M. Abdullayev, House of climatic particularities of each region. While much Shukur Kudratullayev): Facades are simple, dominated attention has been given to interior layouts and spatial by blind walls and varied volumes; special attention is planning, the study of facade plasticity and decorative given to interior ventilation through skylights. The techniques in residential architecture remains unique “Kashgarcha” sliding shutters system adds underexplored. This article offers a comparative dynamism to the facade. analysis of the facades of residential houses Fergana School (House of Ayub-bay, House of Yusupbay representing the principal architectural schools of Khoja): Internal courtyard facades are richly decorated Uzbekistan, using specific examples: the house of Kh. with wood carving, ganch, polychrome ceiling painting, Kamolov (Bukhara), the house of T. Khudaykulov and stalactite domes (khauzak), while external facades (Shakhrisabz), the house of A. Zubaydov (Samarkand), remain modest. the house of M. Abdullayev (Tashkent), the house of Khorezm School (House of E. Otadjanov, House of Ayub-bay (Kokand), and the house of E. Otadjanov Komiljan Otaniazov, rural “hauli” estates): Facades are (Khiva).[2] compact and concise, with main attention given to METHODS aiwans and entrance elements decorated with complex A comprehensive architectural analysis was applied, carving. Rural estates (“hauli”) stand out for their comprising: monumentality and defensive features, such as buttresses and merlons. -Morphological study of facades, focusing on primary elements (aiwans, portals, windows, niches); DISCUSSION -Comparative description of decorative techniques The findings demonstrate vivid regional distinctions in (wood carving, ganch stucco, painting); facade design of residential houses in Uzbekistan during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Local traditions -Analysis of planning and compositional features dictated not only the choice of construction methods influencing facade formation; and materials but also the style of decorative finishes. -Utilization of archival data, field surveys, and The highest artistic expression is achieved in the inner published documentation (measured drawings, courtyards—especially in Bukhara, Samarkand, and photographs, descriptions). Fergana—where the mastery of wood carving, ganch The study selected representative examples from the latticework, and colorful painting is fully revealed. [3] main architectural schools: Bukhara, Kashkadarya, Climatic conditions and social customs fostered an Samarkand, Tashkent, Fergana, and Khorezm, which emphasis on privacy and security, reflected in the best reflect the specific characteristics of each region. prevalence of blind external facades, high enclosing RESULTS walls, and inward-focused layouts. At the same time, The analysis revealed distinct regional features in the individual solutions by architects and craftsmen allowed facades of residential buildings in 19th – early 20th for expressive architectural images even within dense century Uzbekistan: urban settings (such as the house of A. Zubaydov in Samarkand or the house of Ayub-bay in Kokand). Bukhara School (House of Kh. Kamolov, House of Khodzhaev Kilich-khuja): External facades are highly Thus, the facades of residential house