METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF NONIONIC SURFACTANTS USING LOCAL RAW MATERIALS

Аннотация

This article studies the effect of temperature on aqueous solutions in the production of nonionic surfactants based on local raw materials. It analyzes how an increase in temperature affects the micelle structure and stability of surfactants, as well as their interaction with water. The study highlights the role of temperature in increasing or decreasing the surface activity of surfactants, their efficiency and product quality. Proper control of the role of temperature in the production ofsurfactants based onlocal raw materials is important for obtaining high-quality and environmentally friendly products. Keywords: local raw materials, nonionic surfactants, aqueous solution, temperature effect, micellestructure, surface activity, chemical industry, control technologies Introduction. Surfactants are substances that occur at the interface of liquids and provide a decrease in the surface area. Nonionic surfactants, in turn, are chemical compounds that do not have an electrical charge, that is, are non-ionized. They are widely used in a number of industrial processes, including cleaning, the formation of emulsions and dispersions, as well as in the cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food industries. Interesting research is being conducted in the field of obtaining nonionic surfactants based on domestic raw materials. The effect of temperature in aqueous solutions has a significant impact on the effectiveness and quality of surfactants. Understanding the effect of temperature on the physicochemical properties of surfactants, including their cryogenic and static properties, is one of the important factors in the production of high-quality products. Nonionic surfactants are distinguished by their unique properties. One of their main properties is the ability to emulsify compounds in aqueous solutions and reduce surface forces. These properties are especially important for substances produced on the basis of local raw materials. As local raw materials, plants and animals, as well as other natural resources, such as oils and xylenes, are widely used. In many works, for example, by K. Holmberg or A. Adamson, the effect of temperature on aqueous solutions of surfactants is determined depending on their type. The solubility of ionic surfactants increases sharply when a certain temperature (or rather, a narrow temperature range) is reached. The temperature at which the almost unlimited solubility of the surfactant begins is called the Krafft point (Tcr) by the name of the scientist who first drew attention to this phenomenon. The almost unlimited increase in solubility is associated with the micellization of surfactants, while the concentration of individual molecules of surfactants changes slightly. The phase diagram of a surfactant solution intheKrafft pointregion isshown in Figure1.5. https://ijmri.de/index.php/jmsi volume 4,issue5,2025 713 Figure 1Phase diagram ofthe solution state ofsurfactants forming micelles. Quasicrystalline (A), truesolution(B), micelles (C) The curves in Figure 1 delimit the state of the surfactant in the quasicrystalline (A) and micellar (C) states from the region of its true solution (B), where the surfactant is in a molecularly dispersed state. The Krafft point is interpreted as the triple point at which molecules, micelles, and surfactant crystals coexist in equilibrium [2]. For most nonionic surfactants, solubility decreases with increasing temperature, and above a certain temperature, called the cloud point TP,nonionicsurfactants are removed from solutions in theform of. A separate macrophase due to the dehydration of their molecules. The solubility of ionic surfactants, on the contrary, increases with increasing temperature. As a result of the opposite dependence of the solubility of nonionic surfactants and ionic surfactants on temperature, the temperature dependence oftheCMC ofthese surfactantsis also inverse (Figure 2). Oneofthe mostimportant properties ofmicellar systems istheir solubility ofvarious compounds. Solubilization is the ability of surfactant solutions with a concentration above the CMC to dissolve substances that are slightly or completely insoluble in a pure solvent. Micellar solubility occurs spontaneously, is accompanied by a decrease in the free energy of the system and leads to the formation of thermodynamic 18. As noted in the introduction, the principles of detergent action, first formulated by P. Rebinder in 1935 in the work “Physicochemical action of https://ijmri.de/index.php/jmsi volume 4,issue5,2025 714 detergents” [1], have undergone almost no changes to the present day. In most studies, the washing effect of surfactants is studied on the example of washing fabrics with the aim of developing more effective synthetic detergent compositions (CMC) [1, 5]. Contaminants that are firmly retained in tissues are usually fatty products (animal fats, fatty acids, petroleum products and many other substances, including dust particles, soot, etc.). The cleaning action is d