Comparative And Typological Study Of Semantic Categories Inherent In A Noun (Using The Example Of Uzbek And English)

Аннотация

This article provides a comparative- typological analysis of the semantic categories inherent in nouns in Uzbek and English. As a result of the analysis, taking into account typological data, both similarities and differences between languages are revealed. From this perspective, the comparison explains which categories express the semantics of a noun and how they manifest in the languages being studied. This approach not only reveals the differences between the two languages but also contributes to establishing common principles of semantic systems. The research results can be useful in the field of linguistic theory, applied linguistics, and translation. The concept of semantic category, that is, the types of meanings expressed in language, is considered on the example of lexical units, in particular, nouns. The study examines the following semantic categories. Keywords: noun, semantic category, comparative- typological analysis, lexical-semantic groups, Uzbek language, English language, animate and inanimate nouns, proper and genitive nouns, concrete and abstract nouns, semantic analysis. Introduction: The noun is a fundamental part of speech that constitutes a significant portion of the vocabulary in both Uzbek and English. It functions as the designation of a person, object, place, state, or phenomenon and also serves as the core element in nominal word combinations. Nouns are distinguished European International Journal of Philological Sciences 71 https://eipublication.com/index.php/eijps European International Journal of Philological Sciences based on semantic, morphological, and syntactic In Uzbek, the division of nouns into animate and features. inanimate does not have a clear grammatical basis. The question kim? applies only to humans, while all other Studying the theoretical foundations of the noun nouns take nima?. Therefore, a lexico-semantic category in Uzbek and English and examining their approach is taken to analyze this category. lexico-semantic characteristics allows us to clarify their division into certain lexico-grammatical groups. In both Thus, in Uzbek, the division into kishilik and nokishilik languages, the general meanings and semantic groups (personal and non-personal) differs from the English of nouns are similar: they are divided into concrete and opposition animate/inanimate. In English, the abstract, proper and common, animate and inanimate, agreement of nouns with pronouns he/she/it is related singular and collective nouns. to the category of gender. Animate nouns denote living beings (e.g., man, woman, dog, cat), while inanimate In any natural language, the noun represents a primary ones denote non-living objects or phenomena: book, lexical unit. In Uzbek and English, nouns usually wind, freedom, and use the pronoun it. If the gender of function as the subject or object in a sentence and an animal is unknown, it is also used. occupy a central place in both the grammatical and semantic structure. When studying nouns, their In English, the animacy category is expressed through a semantic categories are of great importance in range of morphological means: suffixes such as -er, -or, addition to grammatical features. -ar, -ee, -ite, -ess, -ian, -ent and words like -man, -boy, - woman, -girl. However, animacy can also be expressed Semantic categories are types of meanings expressed without morphological markers: child, son, friend, etc. by linguistic means. In linguistics, this concept is In Uzbek, a similar function is realized through particularly thoroughly studied in logical semantics and derivation using affixes and composition. philosophy. The theory of semantic categories was developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by In modern Uzbek literary language, the following affixes G. Frege and E. Husserl, who called it are commonly used to form personal nouns: -chi, -kor, - Bedeutungskategorien (“categories of meaning”). soz, -furush, -shunos, -paz, -xoʻr, -boz, -xon, -navis, - Later, this direction was deepened by representatives parast, -goʻy, -dosh — each differing in meaning, usage, of the Lviv–Warsaw School of Philosophy. Scholars and other features [Hojiev, 2007:63]. such as S. Lesniewski, A. Tarski, K. Ajdukiewicz, T. However, the productive formation of animate nouns Kotarbinski, and others applied this theory to logical can be unstable when a shift toward inanimacy occurs. and linguistic systems. For instance, in English, -er/-or typically form nouns for The Category of Animacy/Inanimacy of the Noun people engaged in certain activities (e.g., teacher, actor) but are also used for inanimate objects with specific It is known that the category of animacy/inanimacy is functions (toaster, computer). The suffix -ist may denote connected with the innate human ability to divide the profession or group identity (artist), but is also found in surrounding world into living and non-living beings and object names (motorist, alarmist). Similarly, -ian objects. This classif