Historical Dynamics of Facade Expression and Harmony in The Architecture of Uzbekistan

Аннотация

On the basis of theoretical studies devoted to the modular system of proportioning architectural monuments of Uzbekistan, examples of harmonisation of facades of historical buildings are considered. The basic typology of constructive and artistic methods of forming and balancing facade compositions is presented, and the complexity of their shaping is noted. The proposed classification system covers a wide range of ways of proportioning facade elements, which is of value for the professional training of restoration architects. The developed principles can be applied in the practice of harmonisation of facades of architectural monuments. Keywords: Methods of façade harmonization, consistent system of analysis of façade elements, proportionality of elements, central dominant, symmetry and axial organization, domed drums, ornamental belts, peshtak portal, vaulted and arched niches. early medieval period to the 19th century, the facades Introduction: The details of building facades are the of historic buildings in Uzbekistan reflect a rich most important elements of architecture that form the interplay between regional traditions and universal artistic appearance of a structure. In the context of architectural principles. These include modular architectural monuments of Uzbekistan, especially proportional systems, rhythmic compositions, symbolic those belonging to different epochs, the study of ornamentation, and structural articulation. facade elements acquires special relevance. Harmonisation of the appearance of architectural Despite the abundance and diversity of facade monuments is possible only with a deep understanding elements—such as portals, domes, muqarnas, of the regularities of composition and interaction of ornamental belts, and coloristic schemes—there decorative details. remains a need for a systematic framework to analyse and classify these features. A unified methodological The facades of historical buildings in Uzbekistan are rich approach is particularly essential for contemporary in various elements: columns, cornices, portals, architects and restoration specialists aiming to ornamented frames, rustics and muqarnas. These preserve historical integrity while ensuring aesthetic elements not only decorate the buildings, but also carry coherence. a semantic and constructive load, reflecting the era, regional peculiarities and building traditions. However, This paper aims to examine the principles of facade the diversity of forms and techniques of decoration harmonisation in historical monuments of Uzbekistan makes both restoration practice and general based on theoretical studies on modular systematisation difficult. proportionality. It introduces a typological classification of facade elements and explores their compositional The facade of a building is not only its external shell but logic, thereby offering a practical foundation for a vital carrier of aesthetic, semantic, and structural architectural restoration and education. Through this meaning. In the context of Uzbekistan’s architectural lens, Uzbek architecture is not only preserved but heritage, facades serve as a visual narrative of cultural reinterpreted as a harmonious system rooted in continuity and stylistic evolution. Spanning from the mathematical precision, cultural symbolism, and International Journal Of History And Political Sciences 23 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijhps International Journal Of History And Political Sciences (ISSN – 2771-2222) artistic expression. integrity, improve the quality of restoration works and form a harmonious visual environment preserving Main part historical identity. Materials and methods. The first In the absence of a unified classification of architectural works on identification and survey of the most elements of historic buildings, it is especially important significant monuments of Central Asian architecture to develop an approach based on the universal were started at the end of XIX-beginning of XX principles of the classical order system. This will allow centuries.The construction of architectural facades of not only to consider each facade element separately, historical monuments is based on the modular grid but also to perceive it as a part of the whole system[1]. The classical theory is based on the treatises architectural composition. As applied to the of Rempel L.I., Bulatov, Voronin V.L., Pugachenkov G.A, architecture of Uzbekistan, such an approach makes it Voronina, having studied the construction techniques possible to harmoniously integrate details from of ancient Central Asia, calculated the proportions of different style eras - from Timurid architecture to the modular relations, with a multiple measure of length European influence of the 19th century. 105-110cm. The famous restorer and Central Asian Harmonisation involves developing a systematic view researcher Zasypkin B.N. noted the presence of of the architectural heritage, including an analysis of modular system in