Parliamentary Journalism in Uzbekistan

Аннотация

The article explains the various stages involved in the formation of parliament, discussing personal, contentious and peaceful issues, as well as issues of interaction with neighbors. Such discussions are studied as a historical representation of parliament or as an initial stage of its formation. Keywords: State, parliamentary politics, society, governance, humanity, attitude, discussion, social. complexity of socio-political governance, the need Introduction: The Emergence and Development of arose for “representative democracy,” and the term Parliamentary Journalism in the World “representation” began to be used instead of The formation of parliamentary journalism in the world “democracy.” Today, this function is performed by the is directly related to the emergence of parliaments parliamentary system. The word “parliament” is themselves. Modern perceptions of parliament are derived from the English Parliament, but its origin lies based on the people’s millennia-old governance in the French verb parler—to speak. It is worth noting methods. Later, scholars began to refer to this that before the French Revolution, only courts in governance system as “democracy.” In its ideal form, remote regions of France were referred to as democracy assumes that all citizens have the right to “parliaments,” which is why the term was later adopted vote and be elected, gathering in one place to discuss into English. pressing issues. Decisions are then made through Looking back through human history, we can see that voting. Naturally, this system is effective in small public assemblies existed even at the turn of the first communities—but how about on a national scale? millennium—in cities like Athens and Rome, and later Could 10 million or more people gather in one place? in England and Spain, as well as in ancient Novgorod in Even if they did, how many days would such a gathering the form of “veches.” Among older parliaments, Spain’s last? After all, by rule, every citizen must be given the “Cortes” can be mentioned. Iceland also claims to have floor to express their opinion. This led to the necessity the oldest parliament. Historians attempt to prove that of electing a representative to speak on behalf of the several large stones near Iceland’s capital Reykjavik larger population. Of course, this was no longer “pure mark the site of the world’s first open-air parliament, democracy” because an elected representative brings still known today as “Althing.” Icelanders believe that their own worldview and opinions. A modern example ancient Vikings gathered here to discuss and resolve of pure democracy can be seen in Switzerland’s system state issues. of governance, where “Amtmänner” (deputies) are elected annually. They develop laws professionally, and Citizens or “chosen ones” (elders, representatives, the citizens with voting rights either approve or reject princes, nobles) gathered at these assemblies to them. This type of governance is called “plebiscitary discuss urgent issues concerning their regions. The democracy.” The term “plebiscitary” comes from the limited size of these regions allowed such gatherings to Latin plebiscitum, meaning decision-making through be held regularly. Over time, the issues discussed public discussion. In such systems, the law text cannot expanded to include not just personal or judicial be altered—only a “yes” or “no” vote is given. matters, but broader national concerns such as war, peace, and interregional relations. These discussions With the growth of the population and the increasing can be seen as the historical prototype or early stage of American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research 85 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajsshr American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research (ISSN: 2771-2141) the formation of parliament. have no further influence.” He emphasized that the word “mandate” should be understood in the context The second stage in the development of parliaments of the 1789 doctrine, whereas “representation” carries refers to their emergence as state forums. England is a different linguistic implication. In other words, an considered the birthplace of parliament. As early as the elected individual, as a direct and free expression of the 12th–13th centuries, the English Parliament began to nation’s will, has complete independence. Parliament, play this role and was recognized as a classical model. therefore, knows what the nation wants and expresses The monarchy limited the assembly of major feudal the people’s will through laws and decisions without lords (lords), high clergy, and representatives from external control. The will of parliament is the will of the cities and counties. Later, in the 16th–17th centuries, nation. This is the essence of representative parliament became a corporative-authoritative governance. institution acting as a council to the king. Similar class- based institutions later emerged in Poland, Hungary, French thinkers—from E.-J