THE THEORY AND CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS IN IBN MALIK’S ALFIYYA

Аннотация

В данной статье анализируется, как в произведении Ибн Малика «Альфия» изложена теория глаголов. Автор классифицирует глаголы по их грамматическим функциям и подробно освещает каждую группу в отдельных главах. В частности,рассматриваются синтаксические особенностивспомогательных глаголов, таких как канаи её аналоги, глаголы надежды и приближения (када), ментальные глаголы (зонна), глаголы с тремя дополнениями, глаголы похвалы и порицания, а также конструкции удивления. Дидактический и поэтический стиль Альфии делает её важным источником по арабскойграмматике. Ключевые слова: Ибн Малик, Альфия, классификация глаголов, кана, када, зонна, глаголыпохвалы,удивление,арабская грамматика,синтаксис. 334 INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT SJIF2019:5.2222020:5.5522021:5.6372022:5.4792023:6.5632024:7,805 eISSN:2394-6334 https://www.ijmrd.in/index.php/imjrd Volume12,issue06(2025) In his work Alfiyya, Ibn Malik condenses the rules of Arabic grammar into 1000 lines and classifies the verbs he discusses into several categories. In particular, he dedicates separate chapters toverb types that enter sentences and affect grammatical structure, thoroughly explaining each. In traditional grammar, such verbs are called “خسان” (nāsiḫ)—“transforming” or “abrogating” verbs (those that alter the syntactic roles of sentence components). The author divides these into seven chapters, presenting each verb category in a specific order and discussing them individually: 1. “اهتاوخأو ناك” (kāna and its sisters) – auxiliary verbs that influence both subject and predicate structure. Ibn Malik begins by covering this set, using fifteen lines to explain the rules related to kānaand similarverbs. According tomany scholars, thirteen verbs belong tothis group: kāna, aṣbaḥa, aḍḥā, amsā, ẓalla, bāta, mā zāla, mā barraḥa, mā infakka, mā fataʾa, mā dāma, laysa, and ṣāra. These verbs keep the subject in the nominative case but make the predicate accusative. In Alfiyya, Ibn Malik opens the chapter with theline: “هبصنت ربخلاو اًم سا أدتبًلا ناك عفرت” – “Kāna raises the subject in the nominative and makes the predicateaccusative.” The second and third lines list the kāna-type verbs; the fourth and fifth lines explain that dāma must be used with "mā". The next three lines discuss whether the predicate linked to these verbs can appear between thesubject and the verb; then he covers the requirement for using māas a negator with these verbs. The following six lines address word order variations in kāna sentences and specify kāna’s particular rules. After concluding the kāna chapter, he does not immediately move to kāda but discusses the negative particles mā and lā, which, like kāna and its companions, have grammatical influence— allocating sixlines to them and noting theirsyntactic likeness tokānaand itspartners. 2. “ةبراقًلا لاعفأ” (verbal proximity/approximation verbs) – auxiliary verbs expressing that an action is about to occur. After discussing kāna verbs and certain negative usages of laysa, he devotes a relatively small section under this name to kāda and similar structures. This category covers not only proximity verbs but also verbs indicating hope and initiation of action. The author liststhem and presents theirrules inten lines: ○ Proximity verbs: kāda (“almost was”), karuba (“nearly remained”), ’awshaka (“already became”); ○ Hopeverbs: ‘asa (“hopefully, perhaps”), ḥara,’akhlawlaqā; ○ Initiationverbs: ṭafīqa,ja‘ala,’akhadha,shara‘a,’ansha’a. Like kāna, kāda and its class retain the subject in nominative and link the predicate. Ibn Malik begins the section with: “ربخ نيذهل ٍراضم ريغ … ردن نكل ىسعو داك ناكك” — “Kāda and ‘asa are like ع kāna. The predicates they govern are in what will be present or future tense, while the noun predicateis rare.” He also notes that ‘asa often links with an before its predicate and that kāda inserting an before the predicate is rare. The total count is eleven verbs: three kāda–type, three ‘asa–type, and five motion/initiationverbs. 335 INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT SJIF2019:5.2222020:5.5522021:5.6372022:5.4792023:6.5632024:7,805 eISSN:2394-6334 https://www.ijmrd.in/index.php/imjrd Volume12,issue06(2025) 3. “اهتاوخأو نظ” (zanna and its sisters) – these verbs affect both subject and predicate and transform them into two complements. In Alfiyya, the zanna group is semantically classified into psychological and physical verbs: ○ Psychological: zanna (“thought”), hasiba, ra’a, ‘alima, za‘ama, wajada, khāla, ‘adda, ḥajā,darā, i‘taqada. ○ Physical:ja‘ala,ṣayyara,wahaba. Ibn Malik begins with theline: “ادجو ،تًلع ،لاخ ،ىأر ينعأ – ىدتبا يأزج بلقلا لعفب بصنا” — “The verb of the heart (psychological verb) makes its two parts accusative; I refer to ra’a,khāla,‘alimtu,wajada,…” This chapter spans fourteen lines and explains specific syntactic behaviors—like ta’liq (dependent clauses), ilghā’ (“nullification” of grammatical effect), and passive use. He elaborates on