A PRAGMATIC DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF SATIRE: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF UZBEK, KARAKALPAK, RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH SATIRISTS

Аннотация

The research is conducted within the framework of pragmatic discourse analysis to explorethesatirical language used byselected Uzbek, Karakalpak, Russian, and English writers. The article aims toexaminehow satire functions as a communicative strategy to criticize social, political, and cultural realities across different linguistic and cultural contexts. Through the application of pragmatic tools such as speech acts, implicature, presupposition, and the irony, the study reveals how meaning is constructed and interpreted in satire. The findings highlight both the universal and culturally specific elements of satirical discourse, contributing to a deeper understanding ofcross-cultural pragmatics inliterary texts. Key words:Pragmatics, satire, discourse analyisis, context, literal meanings, humor, irony, exaggeration, Grice’s Maxims, speech act theory, implicature, presupposition, politeness theory, metaphor, symbolism, intertextuality. Satire is an artistic genre or form that uses various types of humor such as parody, sarcasm, or irony to ridicule a person or situation, usually with the intent of exposing harmful beliefs and actions, and inspiring change. Satire in literature and drama can be found throughout the major eras of human history, and highlights the social and political issues of the time. The term was coined by the classical rhetorician Quintilian, who used the root of the Latin word “satura”, which means “full”, and was familiar to many Romans from the phrase lanx satura, which described amedley of fruits-and apparently conveyed the miscellaneous quality ofearly satire. Satire plays several important roles in both literature and society, often acting as a mirror that reflects the flaws, contradictions, and injustices of human behavior, institutions, and cultural norms. When it comes to the roles of satire in literature, it exposes and critiques social, political, religious and moral flaws. Writers usually highlight absurdities or corruption through humor, irony, or exaggeration, or ridicule. Example: George Orwell’s “Animal Farm “ criticizes totalitarianism and political hypocrisy. Satire engages readers through wit, parody, and humor, making serious topics more accessible. It often uses fictional or exaggerated situations to make complex critiques more relatable. Satire works showcase the author’s creative voice and viewpoint. Through satire, writers can push boundaries, challenge norms, andexploretaboo topics in indirect ways. As for the roles of satire in society, it plays four key functions: it reveals social flaws and injustices by drawing attention to issues like inequality or hypocrisy; it challenges political power and authority by mocking corruption, incompetence, or abuse, it corrects unethical behavior by ridiculing vice and encouraging self-reflection; and it inspires the public to think critically, question norms, and push forchange through humorand irony. Satirical language, while universal in function- criticizing societal flaws through humor, irony, and exaggeration- varies significantly across cultural and linguistic contexts. In Uzbek and Karakalpak literature, satire often manifests through subtle irony and metaphor, reflecting a page1340 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue06,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai historically cautious approach to political commentary. The writers such as Abdulla Qodiriy and Muratbay Nizanov veil criticism of social injustice, hypocrisy, or bureaucratic inefficiency under layers of allegory and culturally resonant proverbs. In contrast, Russian satire, exemplified by Nikolai Gogol or Mikhail Zoshchenko, frequently embraces absurdity and grotesque exaggeration to expose the corruption and irrationality of imperial and soviet-era governance. Meanwhile, English satirists like Jonathan Swift and George Orwell use more direct rhetorical strategies such as parody, irony and dystopian allegory to provoke moral reflection and societal reform. These diverse stylistic choices demonstrate how satire is shaped byhistorical, political, and linguisticfactors specific to each cultural context. Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that studies how people use a language in the context. Unlike semantics, which focuses on the literal meanings of words and sentences, pragmatics looks at how meaning is constructed and interpreted based on context, speaker intentions, cultural norms, andtherelationship between speakers. As for the key concepts in Pragmatics, Grice’s Maxims ( Cooperative Principle) is used in somecertain conversational rules. It was proposed bythephilosopherH.P. Grice that successful communication relies on speakers and listeners cooperating by following certain conversational rules called maxims: Maxim Explanation ExampleofViolation Quantity Give the right amount of Givingtoo much ortoo little information Quality Be truthful: