BREEDING OF PRODUCTIVE GENOTYPES OF WINTER BREAD WHEAT WITH HIGH YIELD, GRAIN QUALITY INDICATORS

Аннотация

While high temperatures adversely affect grain yield, weight, and grain number in plants, drought reduces the amount of organic matter accumulation in plants, slows leaf growth, reduces the working leaf surface through which basic photosynthesis takes place, and results in lower yields, no pointing, and technological quality of grain. The selection of primary material when creating and introducing into the production of new highly productive bread wheat varieties in the irrigated lands of the Republic is the main factor. The need for high-yielding wheat varieties is growing day by day when growing high-quality crops on existing sown areas. The study investigated the relationship between the weight of 1000 grains, natural weight and yield of 47 lines created and selected in local conditions. Based on the results of the research results on productivity indicators, 9 lines were selected and transferred to the next stages. Key words: bread wheat, heat stress, full-scale grain weight, 1000-grain weight, yield, line. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important cereal crops in world agriculture. The world produces 760 million tons of grain annually. Bread wheat occupies 17% of the total crop area [1, 3, 6]. For the cultivation of high yields and quality grain in different regions, taking into account the soil and climatic conditions, it is important to create and place scientifically based varieties of cereals that give a stable yield, consistent grain quality indicators [2, 5, 7]. Выпуск журнала №-22 Часть–4_ Март –2025 176 MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT In recent years, the Republic of Uzbekistan has been carrying out a number of scientific and practical works on the creation of new varieties of cereals, especially bread wheat [4, 9, 10]. As a result of many years of scientific research and practice, it is known that heat, drought, disease, bed rest of wheat plants have a significant impact on the decline in yield, non-yield characteristics and technological quality of grain [12, 14, 21]. Wheat grains contain 11-20% protein, 63-74% starch, around 2% fat as much fiber and ash. Important indicators that determine the quality of wheat are the presence of protein and gluten in the grain, the amount of protein determines the scope of application of wheat. For example, bakery has 14-15% protein, pasta needs 17-18% protein. The greatest value has high-quality strong, valuable and durum wheat varieties. The basis for the classification of bread wheat according to the strength of flour (strong, medium and weak) lies in the quality of protein, gluten and gluten in the grain [13, 15, 16]. Strong wheat includes only varieties of bread wheat with 14% protein and 28% gluten in the first group. Gluten-free bread should be able to provide high-quality bread (large in size and crispy) not only in pure form, but also when weak wheat is added to the bali [5, 11, 17, 22]. The soil and climatic conditions of the southern regions differ sharply from other regions of the Republic due to their heat and drought, with a significant increase in average air temperature in the middle of spring and low rainfall, which negatively affects grain yield and grain quality [8, 20]. According to Juraev D. et al (2020), high temperature rises under natural conditions slow down the accumulation of dry matter and drastically reduce grain quality, as well as high temperatures affect the reproductive organs of the plant, not fully fertilized during flowering. If this happens during the grain filling period, the grain will be empty without filling, and the yield will drop sharply due to the weight loss of 1000 grains [1, 18, 19]. In this regard, in order to select drought-resistant, disease-resistant, high- yielding and high-quality wheat varieties and create new varieties on this basis, the Выпуск журнала №-22 Часть–4_ Март –2025 177 MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT lines brought through the International Center - ICARDA were planted in the field field experiment. 50 varieties and lines studied under the heat stress conditions were planted in 1 row, 5 m2. Gozgan, Bunyodkor and Hisorak varieties, which are grown on large areas of the republic, were selected as standard varieties. Phenological monitoring was carried out during the growing season. The results were recorded in a timely manner and early ripening lines were isolated. Varieties and lines under the project were planted and irrigated on October 8. All varieties and lines germinated by October 18th. In the experiment, special attention was paid to the quality of the studied varieties and lines. As a standard variety, it was compared to Gozgan, Bunyodkor and Hisorak varieties. Varieties are divided into 4 groups according to the weight of 1000 seeds: 1) very large grains - more than 50 g, 2) large - 41- 50 g, 3) medium large - 31-40 g, 4) small - less than 30 g. According to the results of the analysis of 1000 grain weights of varieties and lines, it was noted that 50 varieties and