INGLIZ VA O’ZBEK TILLARIDA NISBAT KATEGORIYALARINING MUQOYASASI

Аннотация

This article discusses the topic of verb conjugation, which plays an important role in English and Uzbek grammar. In particular, it compares the distinctive and compatible features in the morphology of both languages. Kalit so’zlar: Grammatika, nisbat, tahlil, morfologiya, affiks, subyekt. Keywords: Grammar, ratio, analysis, morphology, affix, subject. Axborotlashib borayotgan yangi texnologiyalar asrimizda ham, hattoki, tilga bo‘lgan e’tibor yanada baland pog‘onalarga ko‘tarilmoqda. Hammamizga ma’lumki, ko’plab onlayn ilovalar, dasturlar va veb-sahifalarn ing tili bevosita hozirgi kunda jahоn tili hisoblanmish ingliz tili bilan uzviy bog‘liqdir .Shuning uchun ham bugungi kunda ingliz tilida bemalol suhbat qura oladigan insonlar ko‘pchilikni tashkil qiladi. Jumladan, ona-Vatanimiz O‘zbekistonning 2024-yil statistik ma’lumotlariga qaraganda, 52706 nafar shaxs IELTS imtihonidan qator sertifikatlarni qo’lga kiritgan. Avvolombor, IELTS - International English Language Testing System, ya’ni xalqaro miqyosda tan olingan, insonlarning ingliz tilini bilish darajasini, salohiyatini hamda muloqot qila olish mahoratini baholaydigan tizim hisoblanadi. Shuningdek, IELTS tizim ham yagona emas. Til bilish sertifikatlarining ham turlari ko’p. Misol uchun, CEFR, MULTILEVEL, TOEFL, Linguaskill, DUOLINGO kabilar. Qisqa qilib aytganda, yurtimizda tilga bo’lgan talab va uning rivojlanishi uchun kerak Выпуск журнала №-23 Часть–4_ Апрель –2025 75 MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT bo’lgan e’tibor yetarlicha darajada. Binobarin, til o’rganish jarayoni o’ziga yarasha qiyinchiliklarga ega. Biroq bu jarayonni ma’lum darajada osonlashtirish mumkin. Mutaxassislarning fikricha, inson o’z ona tilini puxta o’zlashtirsa, chet tillarini o’z tili bilan solishtirib, tez va oson o’rganar ekan. Biz ham quyida o’zbek va ingliz tili grammatikasida mavjud nisbat kategoriyasini muqoyasa qilib, o’xshash va farqli jihatlarini ko’rib chiqamiz. Nisbat kategoriyasi- harakatning subyekt va obyektga bo’lgan munosabatini ko’rsatadi. Bu munosabat maxsus fe’l formalari orqali ifodalanadi. Masalan, kiydi leksemasida subyekt aniq, kiyindi so’zida subyekt harakat-holat jarayonini o’zi ustida amalga oshirgan, kiyildi fe’lida bajaruvchi noaniq, kiydirdi fe’lida bajaruvchi ish- harakatni o’zga shaxsga bajartirgan, kiyishdi fe’lida esa bajaruvchilar miqdori ko’p. Bundan ko’rinib turibdiki, o’zbek tilida fe’l nisbatlarining 5 ta shakli mavjud: 1) aniq 2) o’zlik 3) majhul 4) orttirma 5) birgalik. What is voice of a verb? The voice of a verb expresses whether the subject in the sentence has performed or received the action. In English grammar, there are 2 types of voices: 1) Active voice 2) Passive voice. ACTIVE VOICE- when an action performed by the subject is expressed by the verb, it is an active voice. Aniq nisbat- harakatning ega bilan ifodalangan shaxs yoki predmet tomonidan bajarilishini bildiradi. Bu turdagi darajaning maxsus ko’rsatkichi yo’q.1 Example: Alisa read an interesting book yesterday. Alisa kecha qiziqarli kitob o’qidi. Ushbu gapimizda Alisa- subject, ya’ni gapning egasi va ish-harakatning bajaruvchisi. Ikkala gapimizda ham bajaruvchi shaxs- Alisa aniq bo’lganligi sababli quyidagi xulosaga kelamiz: Active voice=Aniq nisbat. PASSIVE VOICE- when the action expressed by the verb is received by the subject, it is passive voice. Passive voice is used when the subject of the action is not known and the focus of the sentence is on the action and not the subject.2 1 “O’zbek tili grammatikasi” 1-tom. Morfologiya. O’zbekiston SSR “Fan”. Toshkent 1975 . 445-b 2 “Destination B2”. Malcolm Mann, Steve Taylore-Knowles. “Macmillan” 2013. Выпуск журнала №-23 Часть–4_ Апрель –2025 76 MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT Majhul nisbat -subyekti noma’lum bo‘lgan ish-harakatni ifodalovchi fe’l shakllari. Majhul nisbatda ish-harakatning bajaruvchisi noma’lum bo‘ladi. Har ikkala tilda ham majhul nisbatdagi fe’l -(i)n, -(i)l degan shakllarga ega bo‘ladi. Masalan: yuvildi, tozalandi kabi. Ingliz tilida majhul nisbat odatda aniq nisbatdagi gapning to’ldiruvchisini gap boshiga chiqarib, undan keyin to be+Verb+ed/3 ning zamonga mos shaklini qo’llash yo’li orqali yasaladi. Example: In spring, beautiful flowers are planted. --- Bahor faslida chiroyli gullar ekiladi. Ingliz tilida 16 ta zamonning faqat 10 tasi majhul nisbatda kela oladi. Quyidagi jadvalda majhul nisbatda kela oladigan zamon shakllari va ularning formulalari keltirilgan: | TENSES | ACTIVE VOICE | PASSIVE VOICE | Present Simple | S + V(s, -es) + object | S + am/is/are + Ved3 | Present Continuous | S + am/is/are + V-ing | S + am/is/are + being + Ved3 | Present Perfect | S + have/has + Ved3 | S + have/has + been + Ved3 | Past Simple | S + Ved2 | S + was/were + Ved3 | Past Continuous | S + was/were + V-ing | S + was/were + being + Ved3 | Past Perfect | S + had + Ved3 | S + had + been + Ved3 | Future Simple | S + will/shall + V | S + will/shall + be + Ved3 | Future Perfect | S + will/shall + have + Ved3 | S + will/shall + ha