CLINICAL AND LABORATORY ASPECTS OF VIRAL INFECTIONS

Аннотация

Definition - anthroponotic viral acute infectious disease with fecal-oral transmission mechanism. Characterized by predominant lesions of the digestive tract, general intoxication, dehydration. Food poisoning The causative agent is an RNA-containing virus from the family Reoviridae of the genus Rotavirus. The name is derived from the Latin rota - wheel, as the virus particles under the electron microscope look like small wheels with a wide “hub”, 20 short “spokes” and a circular rim. Contains hemagglutinins. Keywords: diarrhea, anthroponotic viral acute infectious, fecal-oral transmission mechanism; Using RSC, rotaviruses are separated into two antigenic variants. With the help of neutralization reaction - by 4 (and possibly more). Rotaviruses are resistant at acidic pH values to fat solvents; they remain viable on various environmental objects from 10-15 days to 1 month (depending on temperature and humidity), in feces - up to 7 months. Rotaviruses have two protein shells - outer and inner capsids. The core contains internal proteins and genetic material represented by double-stranded fragmented RNA. The genome of human and animal rotaviruses consists of 11 fragments that can be separated by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel (PAAG) or agarose. Four antigens have been found in rotaviruses; the main one is the group- Выпуск журнала №-24 Часть–3_ Апрель –2025 405 MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT specific antigen due to the protein of the internal capsid. Taking into account group- specific antigens, all rotaviruses are divided into five groups: A, B, C, D, E [11,12,13]. Rotaviruses of the same group have a common group antigen, which is detected by immunologic reactions: enzyme immunoassay, immunofluorescence, immune electron microscopy, etc. Most human and animal rotaviruses belong to group A. Reservoir and sources of the pathogen: human, sick or carrier. Cross-antigenic relationships have been found between human, monkey, and calf rotaviruses, but the epidemiologic significance of animal viruses has not been established. Rotaviruses are found in the water of rivers, lakes, seas, and groundwater. The source of infection in rotavirus gastroenteritis is an infected person - a patient with a manifest form of the disease or asymptomatically excreting rotaviruses with feces The most frequent source of the disease for children of the first year of life are mothers infected with rotavirus; for adults and older children - children, mainly from children's collectives. The possibility of human infection from animals has not been proven [6,7,8,9,10]. The most frequent source of disease for children of the first year of life is rotavirus-infected mothers; for adults and older children - children, mainly from children's groups. The possibility of human infection from animals has not been proven. Period of contagiousness of the source. During the first 5 days of the disease in 1 g of feces of patients contains up to 109 - 1011 viral particles, during the next 6- 10 days the excretion of the virus with feces sharply decreases as the stool normalizes. In some patients, the period of virus excretion may last up to 20-30 days [1,2,3,4,5]. Persons without clinical manifestations of the disease may excrete rotaviruses for several months or more. The mechanism of transmission of the pathogen is fecal- oral; routes of transmission are water, food, and household. The possibility of airborne or airborne-dust transmission is suspected. The natural susceptibility of people is high, although mostly young children fall ill. Up to 90% of examined children of 2-3 years of age have specific antibodies to rotaviruses. The main epidemiologic features. The nature of the spread of the disease is ubiquitous with predominance in developing countries, where it accounts for about half of all cases of intestinal disorders. Rotavirus infection ranks second after acute respiratory viral infections in terms of disease Выпуск журнала №-24 Часть–3_ Апрель –2025 406 MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT frequency. The disease mainly affects children under the age of 1 year, less often - up to 6 years; in adult contingents, the disease occurs in isolated cases. According to WHO, from this infection in the world annually die from 1 to 3 million children. Diseases are registered throughout the year, but more than 70% of patients are detected in the winter-spring period. High focality in organized children's preschool groups is characteristic [21,22,23,24]. Rotaviruses are also known as one of the main etiologic agents in hospital outbreaks of gastroenteritis in maternity hospitals and pediatric medical hospitals of various profiles. Main clinical features: acute onset; characterized by abundant watery stools with a pungent odor, without mucus and blood; vomiting is noted in half of patients. Simultaneous upper respiratory tract involvement (rhinitis, rhinopharyngitis, pharyngitis) is characteristic [18,19,20]. Lethality usually does not exceed 4%. Laborator