ELECTIVITY OF ADVERBS IN VERB CONSTRUCTIONS

Аннотация

The article is devoted to the study of the systemic-semantic aspects of the compatibility of adverbs with verbs in the modern Russian language. An adverb as a part of speech plays a key role in modifying and clarifying the meanings of verbs, giving the utterance additional shades of meaning. The compatibility of adverbs with verbs is an important aspect that makes it possible to identify both the semantic structure of the language and the patterns of its functioning. Keywords: adverb, semantics, modern Russian language, compatibility, verb, lexical compatibility, modification of action, typology of adverbs, meaning of adverbs, context, lexicography, translation, language functioning. The concept of combinability is interpreted in linguistics as "the ability of linguistic units to connect with each other according to the laws of language".1 Compatibility can be semantic, grammatical and lexical. In the context of adverbs and verbs, the lexical and semantic aspect is the most significant: "certain adverbs "prefer" certain verbs, and vice versa.2 For example, an adverb is quickly combined with verbs such as run, speak, work, but is not combined with the verb stand in the direct meaning. Such combinations are regulated by the logic of action and the peculiarities of the semantic structure of the verb. The semantic classification of adverbs allows us to distinguish several groups that are typically combined with verbs: 1 Vinogradov V.V. Osnovy russkogo slovoobrazovanie [Fundamentals of Russian word formation]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1972. – C. 271 2 Abdurakhmanov F. Taking into account semantic and syntactic valence in Russian and Uzbek languages in teaching Russian as a foreign language. – P. 47. Выпуск журнала №-26 Часть–8_ Май –2025 233 MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT Adverbs of the mode of action (slowly, loudly, neatly) modify the procedural characteristics of the action. Adverbs of time (yesterday, recently, soon) indicate the temporal parameters of the action. Adverbs of place (everywhere, near, houses) localize the action in space. The adverbs of measure and degree (very, a little, excessively) express the intensity of the action. Each of these groups shows selective combinability: for example, it is used loudly with verbs such as sing, shouting, laughing, but it is not combined with walking. "Violation of compatibility often leads to communicative failures."3 For example, the combination to stand quickly or to sleep loudly is perceived as incorrect or acquires a figurative meaning. This is due to the fact that verbs of a weak-actional nature (standing, hibernation) do not go well with adverbs of high dynamics or sensory modality. Lexical semantics (for example, the adverb "tasty" is combined only with verbs related to cooking or eating food: "cook tasty", "eat tasty", but not "sleep deliciously"). Grammatical properties (for example, adverbs of the past tense "yesterday", "long ago") are not combined with verbs in the future tense: He will come yesterday – a mistake. As I.R. Galperin notes, "the limitations of compatibility are formed on the basis of the experience accumulated by language and are fixed in the system of collocations."4 Thus, compatibility is not an arbitrary phenomenon, but a systemic one. The modern Russian language demonstrates "the activation of colloquial and journalistic models, where there is an expansion of compatibility."5 For example, the adverb is really more and more often combined with verbs that were not previously 3 Lagai E. A. Lingvometodicheskie aspekty obucheniya turkoyazychnykh studentov prepositional-case konstruktsiyam russkogo yazyka [Linguistic and methodological aspects of teaching Turkic-speaking students prepositional-case constructions of the Russian language]. – 2021. – P. 187-190. 4 Galperin I.R. Lexicology of the English language. Moscow, Vysshaya shkola Publ., 1981. – P. 57. 5 Lagai E. A. Obuchenie nauchnogo rechi studentov-filologov kak aktual'naya problema sovremennogo Vuzovskogo obrazovaniya [Teaching scientific speech of students-philologists as an actual problem of modern university education] // New and traditional aspects in the multicultural space of teaching Russian as a foreign language: actual issues of theory and practice. – 2024. – T. 21. – P. 152. Выпуск журнала №-26 Часть–8_ Май –2025 234 MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT characteristic of it: to really understand, to really fear. This can be seen as a sign of lexical deregulation or creative use of language. Thus, the compatibility of adverbs with verbs is an important area of research that reveals the mechanisms of interaction of meanings at the level of a word combination. Despite a certain freedom of combination in the Russian language, it is strictly regulated by semantic and syntactic norms. The study of these processes is necessary both for theoretical linguistics and for applied problems (lexicography, teaching Russian as a Russian as a foreign language).