STUDY OF THE CAUSES OF SOIL FERTILITY DECLINE

Аннотация

Данная статья посвящена изучению причин снижения плодородия почв, его последствий и путей решения данной проблемы. В статье анализируется влияние различных факторов, таких как сельское хозяйство, промышленность и факторы окружающей среды, на плодородие почвы. Кроме того, даны рекомендации по сохранениюивосстановлениюплодородия почвы. Ключевые слова:Плодородие почвы, эрозия, засоление,заболачивание, опустынивание, последствия,решения. The main reasons for the decline in soil fertility are erosion, nutrient deficiency, salinization, waterlogging, desertification, soil poisoning, and improper implementation of agrotechnical measures. Soil erosion. Erosion (Latin yerozzo - to gnaw) is a Latin word meaning destruction. Soilerosion is thewashing away ofthefertile soil layer bywater orwind. There are two types offactors that cause soil erosion. 1.Wind erosion. 2.Watererosion. In addition, erosion is dividedinto two types based onits rateofprogression. 1. Natural, i.e., geological erosion is the destruction of soil particles under the influence of natural factors. This type of erosion occurs very slowly. Natural erosion cannot be prevented, butit causes almost noharm, becausethe soillostin this process naturally recovers. page852 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue06,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai 2. Artificial, i.e., anthropogenic erosion is a soil-destructive process that occurs under the influence of human economic activity. Such erosion is called accelerated erosion. Such rapid erosion is a catastrophe for the soil layer of the Earth's surface, which has destroyed 1 billion hectares of fertilesoilover thepast 100years. Currently, more than 3 thousand hectares of soils are subjected to soil erosion every day worldwide. The USA, Canada, South Africa, and Australia are particularly vulnerable to soil erosion. India, Pakistan, and Mediterranean countries are suffering greatly. Large-scale soil degradation forced thepeoples ofEthiopiato relocatetonew locations in 1984,1985,and 1987. Soil erosion is especially strong in China, which ranks first in the world in this regard. In this country, 150 million hectares of land have been subjected to erosion. One of the main causes of artificial erosion is deforestation. For example, in Chile, when the area of forests constituted 60% of the country's territory, soil erosion did not occur. However, due to the subsequent reduction of forest areas to 25%, 72% of the land here is occupied eroded The importance of protective forest belts in protecting soil from erosion is especially noticeable in Central Asian countries. The Republic of Uzbekistan is the least forested region among the CIS countries. Forests make up 42.7% of the country's area in Russia, 34-38% in the Baltic republics and Georgia, and 9-11% in Armenia, Moldova, Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan. In Uzbekistan, this figure is 3.2%. Since a large area of Uzbekistan (64%) is occupied by desert and semi-desert territories, its climate is dry and hot, with strong winds and dust storms, and in the summer heat, there are occasional hot winds. Such an unfavorable climate is felt in 80-85% of the territory of the republic. Due to the scarcity of forests and shelterbelts, they cannot block the path of winds and storms. Therefore, wind erosion poses a constant threat in irrigated areas in thewestern part of the republic. This risk is especially high in areas adjacent to the desert. According to experts, approximately 22 million tons of the fertile soil layer are subjected to erosion annually in the republic. 75% of mudflows occurring in Central Asia occur in the territory of Uzbekistan. page853 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue06,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai Therefore, water erosion poses a threat to the eastern region of the republic. Only on the mountainslopes, upto 525tons offertile soilper hectare are washed with water annually. Two types of soil salinization are distinguished - primary and secondary salinization. Primary soil salinization occurs due to the influence of salts entering it with water and falling from the air. Such salinization can be partially reduced by filling the soil with water during the winter season and leaching the salts. However, secondary soil salinization is dangerous for agriculture. Secondary salinization arises from a rise in the groundwater level. During the evaporation (infiltration) of these waters, located close to the Earth's surface, their salts accumulate on the soil surface as infiltrants. Their removal is more complex and expensive, requiring horizontal (open ditches) or vertical (vertical wells) drainage. In areas with unfavorable relief, the removal of groundwater is a rather complex process. Therefore, in such areas, the meli