COMPLICATIONS OF GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE

Аннотация

Gastroesophageal refers to the esophagus and stomach, while reflux refers to the backflow. To put it all together, it is the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus. Many bad habits and lifestyle choices are responsible for indigestion, and not everyone is aware of it. The most common symptoms of GERD in adults are an acidic taste in the mouth, regurgitation, and heartburn. Less common symptoms include pain when swallowing/sore throat, increased salivation (also called drooling), nausea, chest pain, cough, and a burning sensation. Acid reflux can cause symptoms of an asthma attack, such as shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing, in people with asthma. GERD sometimes causes damage to the esophagus. This damage can include one or more of the following: Reflux esophagitis - inflammation of the esophageal epithelium near the junction of the stomach and esophagus, which can lead to ulcers Esophageal stricture - a permanent narrowing of the esophagus due to inflammation associated with reflux Barrett's esophagus - intestinal metaplasia (change of epithelial cells from the end of the esophagus to intestinal columnar epithelium) of the distal esophagus Esophageal adenocarcinoma - a form of cancer Other complications can include aspiration pneumonia. Keywords: Reflux esophagitis, gastric ulcer, epithelial inflammation, esophageal adenocarcinoma. Introduction: 1. Esophagitis is also a disease characterized by inflammation of the esophagus. The esophagus is a tube composed of mucous membrane and longitudinal and circular smooth muscle fibers. It connects the stomach to the esophagus; swallowed food and liquids usually pass through it. Esophagitis may be asymptomatic; or it may cause epigastric and substernal burning sensation, especially when lying down or turning over; and may cause difficulty swallowing (dysphagia). The most common cause of esophagitis is the backflow of acid from the stomach into the lower esophagus: gastroesophageal reflux disease. Esophageal ulcers are depicted by the esophagus: a reddened area on the surface of the mucosa at 10 o'clock. (Figure 1) If left untreated, esophagitis can cause scarring and discomfort. If the irritation does not heal, esophageal ulcers can develop. Esophagitis can progress to Barrett's esophagus and increase the risk of esophageal cancer. The esophagus is made up of three layers: from the inside out, they are the mucosa, the submucosa, and the muscularis mucosa. The inner layer of the esophagus and the mucosa 191 “TIBBIYOT OLIYGOHLARIDA TABIIY FANLARNI INTERFAOL USULLARDA O'QITISHNING MUAMMOLARI VA YECHIMLARI” are composed of stratified squamous epithelium, the lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosa. At the end of the esophagus is the lower esophageal sphincter, which normally prevents stomach acid from entering the esophagus. If the sphincter is not tight enough, acid can enter the esophagus and cause inflammation of one or more layers. Inflammation can cause the esophagus to narrow, making it difficult to swallow food. 2. Esophageal stricture or peptic stricture is a narrowing or narrowing of the esophagus that causes difficulty swallowing. Symptoms of esophageal stricture include heartburn, a bitter or acidic taste in the mouth, choking, coughing, shortness of breath, pain or difficulty swallowing, vomiting blood, or weight loss. Strictures can occur after esophageal surgery and other procedures such as laser therapy or photodynamic therapy. As the area heals, scarring forms, causing the tissue to tighten and thicken, making it difficult to swallow. (GERD) affects approximately 40 percent of adults. Strictures occur in 7-23% of patients with untreated GERD. 3. Barrett's esophagus is a condition in which there is an abnormal (metaplastic) change in the cells lining the lower part of the esophagus. The cells change from stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar epithelium, which is usually found only in the small intestine and small intestine. This change is considered a premalignant condition because it has the potential to progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma, a deadly cancer. The main cause of Barrett's esophagus is the adaptation of the tissues to chronic acid exposure caused by reflux from the stomach. Barrett's esophagus is diagnosed by endoscopy to visually examine the lower esophagus, followed by biopsy of the affected area and microscopic examination of this tissue. The cells of Barrett's esophagus are divided into four categories: Non-dysplastic Low-grade dysplasia High-grade dysplasia Carcinoma. Endoscopic image of Barrett's esophagus, showing an area of dark reddish-brown mucosa underlying the esophagus. (Biopsies showed intestinal metaplasia.) (Figure 2) Esophageal cancer - Cancer that arises from the esophagus, the food pipe between the throat and the stomach. Symptoms often include difficulty swallowing and weight loss. Other symptoms may include pain when swallowing, a hoarse voice, enlarged lymph nodes ("glands") around the ne