PESTS OF CEREAL CROPS

Аннотация

This article discusses the main insect species that damage grain crops grown in Uzbekistan , their biological characteristics, distribution areas, stages of damage, and methods oftheir control. In particular, scientifically based information is provided on thrips, grain borers, grain borers, and other dangerous species that threaten wheat and barley crops. The importance of integrated approaches to pest control, including biological and agrotechnical measures, is emphasized. Key words:Cereal crops, Insect pests, Thrips, Biological control, Agrotechnical control, Entomological monitoring, Damage stage, Pesticide resistance, Integrated pest management (IPM). observed to cause damage to grain in grain fields to date . The main pests that are most widespread and cause serious damage to cultivated areas are the aphid, aphids, thrips, slime mold, Swedish and Hessian flies, weevil beetles, cicadas, stem borers, etc. In some years, when favorable conditions arise for harmful insects, they multiply massively, spread to large areas, andsignificantly damage crops. Plants that are significantly, sometimes severely, damaged by grain pests include the following(Table 1). Table1 Descriptionoffieldcrops -I. Cerealcrops page364 spuorg mraF sporclaereC Biologicalgroups Crops 1.Real grain crops Wheat, rye,barley,oats 2.Grain crops Millet,corn, barley ,rice, sorghum 3.Cerealsandlegumes Peas, lentils, chickpeas, beans, native peas, soybeans, lupins andbeans. 4.Othernon-cereal crops Buckwheat and soon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue06,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai It has been observed that wheat yield is lost by 30-50% when infected with these pests. In order to effectively combat these pests in the climatic conditions of our republic, it is necessary to monitor the spread of pests every week, starting from the period of grass emergence, whentheaverage daily air temperature is 8-10°C. In 2020, out of 1,077.6 thousand hectares of grain fields in our Republic , 877.7 thousand hectares were damaged byharmful insects and other pests[1]. 1. Type – Wheat thrips – (Haplothrips tritici.) (Family – Thripidae. Order of thrips – Thysanoptera.) The length of the thrips is 1.47-2.2 mm. The last segment of the larval abdomen is elongated in the form of a tube, and the posterior end is slightly narrowed. The wing is veinless, the middle part of the forewing is slightly narrowed, the edges of the wing have long bristles, andtheantennae are 8-jointed. Wheat thripsare brown orblack incolor. Thrips larvae are up to 2 mm long, with 7-segmented antennae, light red in color. The second-instar nymph has 7-segmented antennae; body length 1.7 mm . Adult females have 8- segmented antennae; bodylength 1.5-1.8 mm, dark brownto black. Wheat thrips overwinter in the soil as young larvae, in cracks in the ground , and in wheat ears. In spring, when the air temperature reaches an average of +8 οC, the larvae emerge from hibernation. Thrips multiplyduring thewheat earing period. lays eggs singly or in clusters on the ear and grain husk. She begins laying large numbers of eggs in mid-May. The adult beetle damages the stem tip and upper leaf sheath by sucking. When the larvae hatch, they enter the ear husk and feed by sucking the husk and flower sap, eventually sucking thegrain sap (Figure 1). Egg. Second stage nymph. Adultfemale. Figure 1.Wheat thrips[ 2]. Wheat thripsdevelop oncea year, producing onegeneration. 2. Type - Large grain weevil - (Amphorophora avenae fabr.) Grain weevil - (Toxoptera graminiumRond.)(Family –Aphididae. Order–Hemiptera.) The large grain louse is 2-2.8 mm long , green in color, with a reddish-brown thorax, antennae longer than the body, a sucking tube equal to one-third of the body length, and antennae, tube, paws, upperthighs, andshins are black. The grain louse is 1.2-2 mm long , green in color, with 2-3 brown thorax segments. Its antennae are longer than half its body. The sucking tube is smaller, and can be from one-sixth toone-tenth ofits bodylength (Figure 2). page365 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue06,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai The large grain louse The winged black Brown lice Large grain lice on is yellow in color, 1.3- beetle is 1.6-2.9 wheat ears. 3.3mmlong. mmlong. Adultmating. Ovaries andeggs. Grain weevil (Toxoptera graminium Rond.) Figure 2.Large grain lice. These two species of grain aphids are non-migratory aphids. They live openly on the leaves, stems , and ears of cereal plants. Sometimes grain aphids are found together with barley aphids. All non-migratory grain aphids overwinter in the egg stage. Root aphids overwinter in the larval and adult stages on the roots of cotyledons. Grain aphids produce more than 10 generations peryear. 3. Species – Har