“PAST PERFECT ZAMONIDA BERILGAN INGLIZ TILIDAGI FE’LLARNING ASPEKTUAL VAZIYATLAR TAHLILI VA ULARNING O’ZBEK TILIDA BERILISHI”

Аннотация

In human speech activity, the grammatical meanings of verbs play an important role in expressing actions. In the field of aspectology — one of the main branches of linguistics — the “aspect of the verb,” i.e., the verbal category of vid (view), provides information about how an action is carried out and distinguishes between telic (completed) and atelic (uncompleted) types. This article analyzes sentences in the English Past Perfect tense, focusing on their telic or atelic properties. Moreover, comparative analysis is conducted with their Uzbek translations. The research material is taken from J.K. Rowling’s novel Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, where sentences in the Past Perfect tense are identified, classified into telic and atelic aspects, and the mechanisms of their expression in English and Uzbek are explored. The findings show that sentences in the English Past Perfect Simple are almost always telic in aspect, while the occurrence of atelic past perfect constructions is very rare. These issues are explained through examples from both languages. Keywords: verb, aspect, aspectology, telic (completeness), atelic (incompleteness), comparative analysis, aspectual situation, vid, perfective/imperfective. Kirish. Inson nutq faoliyatida fe’lning grammatik ma’nolari ayniqsa muhim o’rinni egallaydi. Bu orqali harakatning qachon, qanday, qanday natija bilan sodir bo'layotgani haqidagi ma'lumot ifodalanadi. Shu jihatdan aspekt — voqeaning ichki sifati, uning qanday sodir bo'layotgani to'g'risidagi ma'lumotdir. Aspekt nazariyasi ilk bor Bernard Comrie tomonidan “Aspect: An Introduction to the Study of Verbal Aspect and Related Problems" (1976) asarida chuqur yoritilgan. Unga ko'ra, “telik aspect” — yakunlangan harakatni, “atelik aspect” — esa davom etayotgan yoki noaniq jarayonni ifodalaydi [1, 44-45]. Ushbu tadqiqotda “ingliz tilining Past Perfekt zamoniga tegishli 289 ta misol olingan bo'lib, ularning telik/ atelik xususiyatlari tahlil qilinadi. Jumlalarning o'zbek tiliga tarjima variantlari ham beriladi. Material sifatida Joanna Ketlin Rouling "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone" va Shokir Dolimov tarjimasi “Garry Potter va afsonaviy tosh” romanlaridan misollar olingan. Nazariy asoslar: Aspekt nima? Comrie fikriga ko'ra: “The perfective presents a situation as a whole, without distinguishing separate phases within it, while the imperfective focuses on an ongoing, often dynamic phase of a situation.” – “Aspect” https://scientific-jl.com/new 22 22 99 Volume–79_Issue-2_June-2025 JOURNAL OF NEW CENTURY INNOVATIONS [2, p. 103], ya’ni Perfektivlik (tugallanganlik) — bu vaziyatni uning ichidagi alohida bosqichlarni ajratmasdan butun sifatida taqdim etadi, imperfective (tugallanmaganlik) esa vaziyatning o'tayotgan, ko'pincha dinamik bosqichiga qaraladi. Tilshunosning ta’limotiga ko’ra, telik — voqea bir “butun” sifatida ko'riladi, atelik — uning ichki dinamik “fazasi” muhimdir. Belgi | Telik Atelik Ma'nosi Yakunlangan harakat Davom etayotgan yoki noaniq jarayon E’tibor qaratiladi Natijaga Jarayonga Misol (ingliz tilida) He had finished He had never met her for several years O'zbekcha tarjima U bitirgan edi U yillar davomida qizni uchratmadi Shuningdek, Janubiy Kaliforniya universiteti tilshunosi Bernard Komri telik va ateliklikni farqlashda juda chiroyli misol keltirgan va uni quyidagicha: John qo‘shiq aytyapti (John is singing) va John stul yasayapti (John is making a chair) kabi ikki gapda ifodalangan vaziyatlarning semantik aspektual xususiyatlarini taqqoslash orqali boshlashimiz mumkin [1, p. 45]. Tadqiqot materiali va metodikasi: Hozirgi o’zbek tilida o’tgan zamon fe’lining bir necha formalari mavjud bo’lib, ular o’zlariga xos ma’no va boshqa xususiyatlari bilan bir-biridan farqlanadi. Hozirgi o’zbek adabiy tilida o’tgan zamon fe’lining asosan quyidagi formalari qo’llani’adi: 1) –di affiksi yordamida yasaluvchi shakl (yozdim, yozding, yozdi), 2) –gan affiksi yordamida yasaluvchi shakl (yozganman, yozgansan, yozgan), 3) –(i)b affiksli ravishdoshni shaxs-son bilan tuslash orqali hosil qiluvchi shakl (yozibman, yozibsan, yozibdi), 4) edi to’liqsiz fe’li yordamida hosil qilinuvchi shakl (yozayotgan edim, yozmoqda eding, yozguvchi edi) [4, p. 476]. Material sifatida “J.K. Rowlingning "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone" romanidan olingan 289 ta Past Perfect zamonidagi jumla tanlab olindi va tahlil qilindi. Bu jumlalarning barchasi telik/atelik deb belgilanib o’zbek tilidagi “Garry Potter va afsonaviy tosh” tarjimasi bilan taqqoslandi. Olib borilgan izlanishlar natijasiga ko’ra tugallanganlik va tugallanmaganlik xususiyatiga ega Past Perfect jumlalari o’zbek tiliga –gan, -ib qolgan, -ib bo’lgan, -di, -bo’lib –gan, -gan bo’lsada, -gan bo’lar edi, - gan edi, -ibdi, -ganday, -ib –dan, -ab –rar edi, -di-ya, -gan ekan, -ib –day kabi qo’shimchalar qo’shilgan holda berilgan bo’lib ba’zi jumlalar erkin tarjima qilingan va tarjumon o’zbek tili ichki strukturasiga xos, so’z birikmalari va iboralardan foydalanib atro