HARRY POTTER VA HIKMATLAR TOSHI ASARI ASOSIDA PRESENT PERFECT ZAMONIDAGI FE’LLARNING ASPEKTUAL VAZIYATLAR TAHLILI VA ULARNING O’ZBEK TILIDA BERILISHI

Аннотация

This article analyzes the aspectual properties of verbs used in the Present Perfect tense in the English language based on the novel Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone — namely, telic (completed actions) and atelic (ongoing or stative actions) verbs — in context. The analysis is conducted through a semantic and contextual approach, examining the grammatical expression of telicity and atelicity, as well as their representation in the Uzbek language. Furthermore, the study identifies the grammatical tools (such as affixes) used to convey telic or atelic meanings when translating these verbs into Uzbek. Keywords: aspectuality, telic / atelic, aspect, aspectual situation, perfective and imperfective, progressive, accomplishment. 74-son 2–to’plam Iyun-2025 Sahifa: 287 Ustozlar uchun pedagoglar.org Kirish. Aspektologiyani tilshunoslikning grammatik tuzilishi va semantikasi sohasidagi fan sifatida ta'riflash mumkin, u vid (tus) yoxud “butun aspektual soha”ni o'rganadi. Bu soha tilning keng qamrovli sohalarini, shu jumladan tus farqlari bilan birga, ma’no, funktsional va semantik munosabatlar bo'yicha vidga o'xshash yoki unga yaqin hodisalarni ham o'z ichiga oladi. [1,23] "Aspekt" atamasi zamon yoki mayl kabi boshqa fe’l kategoriyalariga qaraganda kamroq ishlatiladi. Rus va boshqa slavyan tillarida perfektiv (yakunlangan) va imperfektiv (davomli) aspektlar o‘rtasidagi farq yaqqol namoyondir. [2, 45] Ingliz tilida "he read", "he was reading", "he used to read" kabi shakllar o‘rtasidagi farq – bu ham aspektual farq bo‘lib, aspekt ingliz tili kabi tanish tilda ham mavjud bo‘lgan kategoriya hisoblanadi. Ingliz tilida zamon va aspekt kategoriyalari murakkab semantik munosabatlarni o’z ichiga oladi. Ayniqsa, Present Perfekt zamoni ko‘plab hollarda harakatning natijasini, tajribasini yoki davomiy holatini bildiradi. [4, 211] Ushbu maqolada “Harry Potter va Hikmatlar Toshi” asaridan olingan misollar asosida Present Perfekt zamonida qo‘llangan fe‘llarning aspektual (telik/atelik) turlari va ularning o‘zbek tilida qanday ifodalanishi tahlil qilinadi. Maqolaning maqsadi — matndagi harakatning qanday tusda ifodalanganini aniqlab, tarjima va lingvistik tahlil uchun metodologik asos yaratishdir. NAZARIY ASOSLAR Perfect zamon shakllari Ingliz tilidagi Perfect zamonlar quyidagi olti shaklda mavjud: [6,76-104], [7, 247- 271], [4, 209-268] Shakl Tuzilishi Misol Ma’nosi Present Perfect have/has + past I have read the book Amal tugagan, natijasi bor participle Past Perfect had + past participle She had left before I came O‘tgan zamonda boshqa amal oldidan Future Perfect will have + past They will have finished it Kelajakda ma’lum vaqtgacha tugagan amal Present Perfect have/has been + V-ing He has been working Amal davom etayotgan Continuous holatda Past Perfect had been + V-ing She had been studying for O‘tgan zamonda davom Continuous hours etgan amal Future Perfect will have been + V-ing By next month, I will have Kelajakda ma’lum vaqt Continuous been working here for a davomida davom etgan amal year Ushbu maqola doirasida asosan Present Perfect shakliga e’tibor qaratiladi. Ammo boshqa shakllar haqida ham nazariy jihatdan umumiy ma’lumotlar berildi. | He has been working. | Amal davom etayotgan holatda. 74-son 2–to’plam Iyun-2025 Sahifa: 288 Ustozlar uchun pedagoglar.org Aspektuallik tushunchasi Aspektuallik (aspectuality) — fe‘l orqali ifodalangan harakatning tugallanganligi (telik) yoki davomiyligi, holatdagi bo‘lishi (atelik) ni bildiruvchi semantik kategoriya. [2, 45] Teliklik va ateliklik tushunchasi Tilshunoslikda "Telik vaziyat" tushunchasi Z.Vendler (Verbs and times, 1967) tomonidan "accomplishment" deb yuritilgan. “Telik” atamasi esa ilk bor H.B.Garey (Verbal aspect in French, 1957) tomonidan kiritilgan bo‘lib, yunoncha telos — "yakun" degan so‘zdan olingan. [2, 44] Janubiy Kaliforniya universiteti tilshunosi Bernard Komri telik va ateliklikni farqlashda juda chiroyli misol keltirgan va uni quyidagicha: John qo‘shiq aytyapti (John is singing) va John stul yasayapti (John is making a chair) kabi ikki gapda ifodalangan vaziyatlarning semantik aspektual xususiyatlarini taqqoslash orqali boshlashimiz mumkin. Har ikkala holatda ham davomli (durativ) vaziyatlarga murojaat qilinmoqda, chunki qo‘shiq aytish ham, stul yasash ham ma’lum bir vaqt davom etadigan (hatto davom etishi shart bo‘lgan) vaziyatlardir. Bu vaziyatlar qisqa ham, uzoq ham davom etishi mumkin — masalan, bu Johnning chidamliligi (qo‘shiq aytishda) yoki stul yasash tezligiga bog‘liq bo‘lishi mumkin. [4, 209] Biroq, bu ikki vaziyat ichki tuzilishi nuqtai nazaridan muhim farqqa ega. Ikkinchi holatda (ya’ni stul yasashda) shunday bir nuqta keladiki, John stulni yasab tugatadi, stul tayyor bo‘ladi va shu nuqtada bu vaziyat o‘z-o‘zidan nihoyasiga yetadi. Bu tugatish nuqtasiga qadar esa, bu vaziyat to‘xtashi mumkin emas — faqat yarim yo‘lda uzilishi mumkin. Aksincha, John qo‘shiq aytyapti holatida bu to‘g‘ri emas: John istalgan vaqtda qo‘shiq aytishni to‘xtatishi mum