THE HISTORY OF TURKIC NATIONS’ FORMATION

Аннотация

In this article, the author, based on sources that have been little studied to date, sheds light on the history of the origin of the Turkic peoples, the processes of formation of the term Turk. An attempt has been made to reveal the initial formation process of the term Turk, the true foundations of the Turkish people. The information presented in the article serves as additionalmaterial to theworks published in thescientific communityso far. Keywords: Ancient Turkestan, Himalayas, Tibet, Pamir, Tian Shan, Altai, Taklamakan, Ughurs, Tatans, Aymans, Jami ut-Tawarikh, Tungus, Scythians, Tujue, Tuke, Yuruks, Turkmens, Tahtacis, Abdals. Today, more than 130 nationalities and ethnic groups are peacefully coexisting in our homeland. One of these nations is the Turkish diaspora. The history of this nation's arrival in ourhomeland's territory dates back tothedistant past. The history of the origin of the Turkic people, one of the peoples living in our country, can be traced back to ancient times. Various accounts have been provided about the origin of Turkic tribes. Below, we will focus on information about who the Turkic tribes were and how they were formed. Although humans are biologically similar, they develop based on common social laws and divide into countless groups. As a result, diverse groups and communities of people exist on Earth. Ancient Turkestan was also a land of many tribes, each with a developmental path stretching back to the distant past. The primitive society our ancestors lived through spans approximately800thousand years. During this period, significant natural and geographical changes occurred on the Earth's surface. Consequently, the changing geographical environment greatly influenced societal development. The Himalayas, Tibet, the Pamirs, and the Tian Shan mountains rose. Due to the onset of colder weather, large glaciers formed. The animal and plant world took on a different appearance. Heat-loving animals migrated southward or became extinct. They were replaced bycold-resistant animals. Peoplebegan to liveincaves. Fire began to be used. When natural caves became too cramped, they started building shelters. Living in close proximity to each other led to kinship and clan formation. The hardships of survival forced tribal communities to unite with one another. Thus, large nomadic military- tribal alliances emerged. There are different views ontheorigin of theTurkictribes: - The Chinese consider the Turks to be descendants of the Xiongnu. Indeed, there is reason to believethat the ancestors of theTurks were oneofthetribes that entered theHunnicalliance: - Western historians assume that the Turks are related to the Scythians (Saka) and do not hesitateto say that they are part oftheScythian people; - Some Western historians say that the ancestors of the Turks were the Xianbei people, who had lived to the east of the Mongols since ancient times. Supporters of this hypothesis call the Huns Mongols and theXianbei Turks. http://www.internationaljournal.co.in/index.php/jasass 224 Volume 15Issue 06, June 2025 Impact factor: 2019: 4.679 2020: 5.015 2021: 5.436, 2022: 5.242, 2023: 6.995, 2024 7.75 According to Chinese sources, the Xiongnu were defeated by the Chinese army in 92 AD. Subsequently, the Chinese allowed the Ashina tribe, which was part of the Hunnic system, to settle in the Altai region. They obligated the Ashina people to extract iron from the AltaiMountains as aform of tribute. The Chinese referred to this tribe as "tukuyu." Later, the word "tukuyu" evolved into "turk yurt" (Turks). L. Gumilyov described the word "Turks" in his book "Ancient Turks" using the Russian words for "strong" and "robust." According to I. Bichurin, the Altai Mountains resemble a round iron helmet, which the Chinese called "tuke." This translates to "shlyom" in Russian,and "temir qalpoq" or"dubulg'a" (meaning "iron helmet" or"helm") inUzbek. Information about the Turkic peoples was first recorded in ancient Orkhon inscriptions. Orkhon is the name of a river in present-day Mongolia, and the inscriptions date back to the 8th century. However, linguists state that the Turkic language appeared earlier than the 8th century. It has been proven that the Turkic language, which currently has its own phonetic system, originated in Altai inthe 1stcentury BC. The ancestors of the Mongols - the Tungus - lived in Tibet. Later, they moved to the banks of the Amur River, towards northern China. The renowned Russian orientalist I. Bichurin suggested that the Turks, Mongols, and Tungus emerged from a common ancestor 2.5 thousand years before our era. It is known from history that theTungus initiated theformation oftwo peoples -the Huns andtheTatar-Mongols. The ancestors of the Turkic tribes were the peoples who lived west of Lake Baikal, along the Irtysh and Yenisei rivers, in the Altai region and Taklamakan desert, forming tribal unions before the Common Era. The Tungus, who lived between the Pacific Ocean and Lake Baikal, along