THE POLITICS OF WATER DIPLOMACY IN CENTRAL ASIA: UZBEKISTAN’S ROLE IN TRANSBOUNDARY RIVER COOPERATION

Аннотация

This article examines the dynamics of water diplomacy in Central Asia, focusing on the transboundary rivers Amu Darya and Syr Darya, and evaluates Uzbekistan’s evolving approach since 2016.The purpose of the study is to assess how Uzbekistan’s foreign policy shift, under the leadership of President Shavkat Mirziyoyev, has contributed to strengthening regional cooperationover shared water resources. Methodologically, the study draws on policy analysis, regional diplomatic developments, and official statements to trace Uzbekistan’s engagement with upstream and downstream neighbors. It highlights key milestones such as the endorsement of the Rogun Dam, active participation in multilateral institutions like IFAS, and national strategies like the Uzbekistan Water Strategy (2021–2023). Findings suggest that Uzbekistan’s hydro-diplomacy reflects a broader trend of responsible regionalism, emphasising dialogue, collaboration, and mutual respect. Through both bilateral and multilateral channels, Uzbekistan is actively promoting acooperative model ofwater governance. The article concludes that Uzbekistan’s initiatives under President Shavkat Mirziyoyev provide a strong foundation for durable and peaceful transboundary water cooperation in Central Asia. The country’s leadership in water diplomacy is widely recognised and respected, setting a positive examplein theregion. Introduction Water, in the context of international politics, is more than just a natural resource; it is a source of life and a catalyst for cooperation. This is especially true in Central Asia, where the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers flow across multiple national borders, linking the destinies of neighbouring states. Effective management of these shared water resources is critical for the region’s sustainabledevelopment. Uzbekistan, under the visionary leadership of President Shavkat Mirziyoyev, has undertaken a transformative foreign policy that prioritises good-neighbourly relations and regional integration. Since 2016, the country has actively engaged in building trust, promoting joint water initiatives, and reinforcing institutional cooperation. This article explores Uzbekistan’s growing leadership inregional water diplomacy and its constructive engagement with partner countries. Theoretical Lens: Hydro-Diplomacy and Regional Cooperation. Hydro-diplomacy refers to the use of diplomatic tools and political dialogue to ensure the fair and peaceful management of shared water resources. In the context of Central Asia, hydro-diplomacy supports regional stability and sustainable development. Closely aligned with the principles of regional 192 Volume 4, issue 5, 2025 cooperation, this concept highlights how neighbouring countries can develop joint solutions to shared environmental and resource-related challenges. Background: Regional Water Governance and Shared Responsibility The rivers of Central Asia are vital for agriculture, energy, and daily life. The equitable and efficient management of these resources requires a collective commitment to cooperation. Recognizing this, Uzbekistan has championed a new approach—one that views water not as a dividing line but as a platform forunification and partnership. Uzbekistan’s Strategic Vision under President Shavkat Mirziyoyev. Since 2016, Uzbekistan has taken major steps to enhance regional understanding and partnership in the field of water diplomacy. Key developments include: 1. Engagement with Upstream States: Uzbekistan has significantly improved its diplomatic ties with Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, fostering dialogue and trust. A remarkable example was the public support for the Rogun Dam project in Tajikistan, demonstrating Uzbekistan’scommitment to regional cooperation. 2. Strengthening Regional Institutions: Uzbekistan has become an active and leading member of multilateral platforms like the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea (IFAS), where ithas called for practical reforms and equitableparticipation. 3. Domestic Water Reform: The adoption of the Uzbekistan Water Strategy 2021–2023 showcases the country’s efforts to modernise water management, improve irrigation systems, andpromotetheefficient use ofresources—allaligned with regional goals. 4. Environmental Diplomacy: Uzbekistan has gained international respect for its leadership in addressing environmental challenges, particularly through initiatives to revive the Aral Sea region. The creation of the Aral Sea International Innovation Centre and the successful adoption of a UN resolution recognising the region as a “Zone of Environmental Innovation and Technologies” are testaments to thisleadership. CaseAnalysis:Models ofConstructive Water Diplomacy  Rogun Dam Endorsement: Uzbekistan’s support for the Rogun Dam marked a milestone in regional relations, showcasing the country’s diplomatic maturity and its respect for the interests ofneighbouring states.  Aral Sea Advocacy: By reframing the Aral Sea crisis as a shared responsibility, Uzbekis