TRANSLATION OF HISTORICAL TERMS AS A WAY TO RECREATE THE ATMOSPHERE OF THE KOKAND KHANATE ERA IN THE NOVEL "BYGONE DAYS" BY A.KADIRA

Аннотация

The article deals with the peculiarities of translation of historical terms in the novel "Bygone Days", which is set in the times of the Kokand Khanate. Special attention is paid to the terms denoting administrative positions and monetary units, such as "qutidor" and "tanga". Their meaning and cultural context are analyzed, as well as methods of translation into Russian and English, including transcription and transliteration. The author emphasizes the importance of historicisms for creating the atmosphere of the era and conveying the socio-economic and political realities ofthetime. Keywords: Historicism; transcription; transliteration; cultural-historical flavor Introduction. Literary works describing historical events and culture of a certain epoch represent an important source of knowledge about the past. Historisms - obsolete terms denoting objects, phenomena or offices characteristic of a particular historical period - occupy a special place in such texts. One of the vivid examples is a novel set in the times of the Kokand Khanate. The text contains numerous historicisms, such as "qutidor" and "tanga", which have no exact analogs in modern languages. Their correct translation plays a key role in conveying the color and spirit of the era. The aim of this article is to analyze the methods of translating historicisms into Russian and English, as well as to identify their cultural and historical significance in the context of the work. Special attention is paid to how translators coped with the lack of equivalents andpreserved theauthenticity of theoriginal. Original Mirzakarim ismlik qirq besh-elli yoshlar chamasida qoraqosh, qorako'z, ko'rkam yuz, yaxshig'ina kiyingan bir kishi bo'lib Akram hoji elli besh yoshlar orasidag'i bir keksa edi. Otabek qaytadan Mirzakarim qutidorniko'zdan kechirdi .1 Russiantranslation Mirzakarim, a black-browed, black-eyed, handsome and well- (M. Safarova) dressed man, looked about forty-five or fifty years old, while Akram-hajji looked about ten years older. Atabek again looked attentively at Mirzakarim-kutidor.2 Englishtranslation With his black beard and black eyes, Mirzakarim cut a dashing (K. Ermakova) figure. Lavishly dressed, he looked to be around forty-five to fifty years old. Akram-hadji, on the other hand, seemed about ten years 1QodiriyA.O`tkankunlar.-Toshkent:O`zbekistonmilliyensiklopediasi,2018.-B.11-12. 2KadyriA.Daysgoneby.TranslatedbyM.Safarov.-Tashkent:Sharq,2009.-C.14. 92 Volume 4, issue 5, 2025 older. Atabek examined Mirzakarim-Kutidorcarefully onceagain .3 English translation(M. Mirza Karim Qutidor appeared to be about forty-five years old, Reese) with strong brows and dark eyes; he was well-dressed and had a handsome face. Akram Hajji was roughly fifty-five years of age. Otabek again regarded MirzaKarim .4 The highlighted word in this example should be called historicism, i.e. an outdated concept that has no similar synonym. In this case, the word "qutidor" means one of the high-ranking officials in the times of the Kokand Khanate. In the dictionary this word is labeled as follows: "1. Kuti- kuti pul-dunyosi bulgan yirik boy, sarmoyador. 2. ўқon khonligida: olik-soliklardan tўplagan pullarni qabul qilib oluvchi, saklovchi va khon hazinasiga topshiruvchi saroy amaldori"5 . It follows from this definition that the "qutidor" in Kokand was responsible in the khanate for collecting and keeping taxes and money for the state treasury. In addition, it should be noted that in most cases the name of the position often supplemented the name of the person, or completely replaced it. An example of this is again Father Kumush, who is often referred to in the work as Mirzakarim-kutidororsimplyKutidor. Mirzakarim is described in the novel as an intelligent and stately man. He was considered one of the most respectful people in Margilan, as evidenced by the respectful and courteous attitude of the people towards him as a wise counselor. Kutidor is a wise man who is well versed in matters of politics and trade. His appearance, which is also given in the fragment, is able to impress a person. His respectful attitude with his wife and daughter indicate that he is a kind and sensitive person. It is this characterization of the character that makes the reader understand that in the history of Central Asia, educated and well-bred people were highly valued and appointed to positions of the highest importance. And it was such advanced thinkers of the epoch as Atabek, his father, Yusufbek-hajji and Mirzakarim-kutidor who laid the foundation for colossal changes inthesphere ofeducation, science and art intheterritory of Turkestan in theera of Jadidism. In translating the historicism into Russian and English, the translators used the method of transcription, since there is no similar substitution in the target languages. In addition, it should be added that in addition to the position of "qutidor", the novel uses a whole kaleidoscope of different ranks associated with the economic,