ETHNIC HISTORY OF THE LEFT-BANK POPULATION OF KARAKALPAKSTAN

Аннотация

В статье рассматривается этногенез и этническая история каракалпаков, с акцентом на население, проживающее на левом берегу Амударьи. Анализируются профессии и социальные перспективы этого сообщества, особенно в отношении сельского хозяйства и животноводства, а также географические районы и типы практикуемого земледелия. Кроме того, в статье исследуется материальная и духовная культура населения левогоберегаКаракалпакстана,опираясьнаисторическиеисточники. Ключевыеслова:Левыйберег,этническаяпринадлежность,Салгут,Таллик,Айбуйир. ENTRANCE The study of the history of the origin of each nation requires special work together with scientists specializinginarchaeology,ethnology,anthropology, linguistics,toponymy,andothersciences. Research level. The 9th-century Arab historian A.N. Nuveriy writes that the ruler of Khorezm at that time called the name of the cavalry guard, selected from the desert tribes of Altyn Tas, "Kalpaks."Written sources confirm thattheKarakalpaks consist ofTurkictribes. On this basis, the question of the origin of the Karakalpak people began to interest scholars from the first half of the 19th century. In 1818, the Russian historian N.M.Karamzin said that the name of the Black Clubs is connected with the name of the Karakalpaks. This idea is also present in the works of N.I. Berezin, V. Tyzenhauzen. Academician V.V.Bartold and Turkologist I.A.Faleev, M.A.Chaplichka came to the conclusion that there is still not enough material to link the name of black skullcaps with the Karakalpak name. Many scholars have tried to solve the question of the origin of the people, including the Karakalpaks, based on the similarity of ethnonyms. Khovoros and P. Rychkov called the Karakalpaks Nogais, T. Miller called them Mangits, N.A. Aristov called them Pechenegs, Academician I. Giorgiy called the Karakalpaks Kara-Kipchaks. According to the historian P.P. Ivanov, the Karakalpaks emerged on the basis of local tribes that had long lived in the middle and lower reaches of the Syr Darya, around the Aral Sea.[ Камалов С. Қарақалпақлардың халық болып қәлиплесиўи ҳәм оның мәмлекетлигиниң тарийхынан. Н.2001,9-бет. ]. A significant contribution to the study of Karakalpak ethnogenesis was made by the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition led by S.P. Tolstov, and especially the Karakalpak https://ijmri.de/index.php/jmsi volume 4,issue4,2025 1152 ethnographic community led by T.A. Zhdanko, who was part of this expedition. In addition, the worksofhistoriansS.K.Kamalov,archaeologistsV.N.Yagodin,M.Mambetullayev,anthropologists Yarho, T.K.Khodzhaev, N.Risnazarov, ethnographers L.S.Tolstova, Kh.E.Esbergenov, A.S.Morozova, linguists and literary scholars N.A.Baskakov, D.S.Nasirov, Kh.Khamidov, K.Mambetov,andBerdakh's"Genealogy"areofgreatimportance. Recently, in the study of the history of the origin of a people, attention has been paid not to its name, but to its culture. From this point of view, the researcher's opinion regarding the above- mentioned research the conclusions of scientific research were published in the press.. Among them, it is worth noting the research of Academician S.K. Kamalov, ethnographer Kh. Yesbergenov, literary scholar K. Mambetov, and archaeologists M. Mambetullayev and M. Turebekov.According to the terms of the agreement concluded between Tsarist Russia and the Khiva Khanate, the state borders of the Khanate were changed. The lands on the lower right bank of the Amu Darya, traditionally cultivated by the Karakalpaks, passed to Russia. According to the second clause of the terms of the treaty, the borders of the dependent Khiva Khanate were determined from Kukirtli along the lower reaches of the Amu Darya from its western branch - Tallik, to its confluence with the Aral Sea, then along the sea to Urge, then from the south of the UstyurttoSarykamyshandthebanksoftheUzboy. Results. The Khanate's previous territory of 130,590 sq. km (14,8611.4 sq. km) decreased to 54,680 sq. km (62,225.8 sq. km). After 1873, the Khiva Khanate was administratively divided into 20beyliksandtwonaibliks. The Turkmens constituted less than a third (26.7%) of the Khanate's population. They lived on the bordersofthedesertandarablelandontheoutskirtsofthekhanate,occupyingthelowerreachesof the main canals supplying the population with water. Channels such as Shamurat, Lavzan, and On QulochwereentirelyunderthecontroloftheTurkmens. The Kazakhs occupied the border lands of the Khojeyli, Urgench, and Kungrad principalities. According to data from the 1870s, about 2,000 Kazakh households lived among the Karakalpaks. About 50 thousand of their households led a nomadic lifestyle between Tallik and Lake Aibayir. Here, the Kazakhs have Tabin, Alim, Bayuluvli, and other clans, among which the Tabin clan is the most numerous. The Kazakhs, like the Turkmens, were mainly engaged in animal husbandry (sheep breeding)and partially in agriculture. As evidenceof the development of agricultureamong the Khorezm Kazakhs at the beginning of t