ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ ЩИТОВИДНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ

Аннотация

The thyroid gland, an endocrine organ located in the neck, plays a central role in regulating metabolic processes in the human body. The synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are under strict control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. These hormones affect virtually all cells and tissues, modulating energy expenditure, growth, development, and functions of many organ systems. Disorders of the thyroid gland, such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, can lead to a wide range of clinical manifestations, which highlights the critical importance of understanding its physiology for the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disorders. This review focuses on key aspects of thyroid physiology, including its anatomical structure, mechanisms of hormone synthesis and secretion, regulation of their action, and their role in maintaining homeostasis. Keywords: Thyroid gland, thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, iodine, thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase (TPO), 74-son 1–to’plam Iyun-2025 Sahifa: 280 Ustozlar uchun pedagoglar.org sodium-iodide symporter (NIS), pendrin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyrotropin- releasing hormone (TRH), thyroid hormone receptors, deiodinases, metabolism, growth, development, homeostasis, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism.