HORMONAL CHANGES AND INSULIN RESISTANCE: MECHANISMS OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES DEVELOPMENT

Аннотация

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy-related metabolic disorder characterized by glucose intolerance first recognized during pregnancy. Its pathophysiology is primarily rooted in insulin resistance, which is largely driven by hormonal changes unique to pregnancy. Elevated levels of placental hormones such as human placental lactogen (hPL), cortisol, estrogen, and progesterone interfere with insulin signaling, thereby reducing maternal insulin sensitivity. In most women, pancreatic β-cells compensate by increasing insulin secretion; however, in genetically or metabolically predisposed individuals, this compensation is insufficient, resulting in hyperglycemia and GDM. Understanding the complex endocrine mechanisms underlying GDM is crucial for early diagnosis, management, and prevention of maternal and neonatal complications. This article reviews the hormonal basis of insulin resistance during pregnancy and outlines the key stages of gestational diabetes development. Keywords: gestational diabetes, insulin resistance, pregnancy hormones, human placental lactogen, cortisol, β-cell dysfunction, hyperglycemia, early diagnosis, maternal health, fetal complications